Tilly’s Old and New Repertoires of Contention

1. Tilly’s Old and New Repertoires of Contention Patronized festival charivari/serenade seizure of grain field invasion turnout OLD Orientation To Powerholders expulsion election rally public meeting NEW strike demonstration social movement Autonomous National Local Scope of Action Source: Tilly 1986, p. 395

2. Tilly’s French Periods, 1598-1986 • - a long seventeenth century, from 1598-1715, in which challenges were primarily aimed at the expanding national government, • - a shorter eighteenth century that ends with the revolution of 1789, in which challenges were primarily aimed at the encroachment of capitalist property relations on traditional rights and privileges, • - a longer nineteenth century (1789-1906) characterized by protracted class conflict and revolutionary struggle, during which time the new repertoire became established, • - a twentieth century (1906-present) in which the struggles continue but the scale of capital accumulation, coercion, and contention increase.

3. 14 July 1789: French Revolution; First Republic. 1792: Louis XVI guillotined--Reign of Terror. 1794: leaders of Reign of Terror executed. 1795: royalist revival opposed by General Bonaparte; war with Prussia, Spain, Holland, England, and Austria 1799: Napoleon elected Consul. 1802: Napoleon declared emperor for life. 1804: Emperorship declared hereditary. 1815: Napoleon exiled (defeat at Waterloo); Louis XVIII (Louis XVI's brother) named (Bourbon) King 1830: Charles X (Bourbon King) obliged to abdicate; Louis Phillipe (Duke of Orleans) named King (in July) 1848: Revolution; Second Republic in February June 1848: socialist movement/rebellion crushed. December 1848: Louis Napoleon (nephew of Napoleon I) Bonaparte elected president. 1851: Bonaparte assumes dictatorial power; is re-elected for ten years. 1852: Second Empire (by popular vote); Louis Napoleon; (Napoleon III reigns). FrenchRevolutionary Struggle, 1789-1871

4. French Revolutionary Struggle (continued) • 1859: victories in Crimean and Austrian wars • 1866-69: defeats in Prussian-Austrian War; • 1870: Defeat in Prussian War; Third Republic declared • 1871: German Empire established; Empire claims Alsace and Lorraine; German troops enter Paris in triumph but leave after two days; Thiers was elected president of the Third Republic • March 1871: as Germans retreat, popular uprising establishes the Commune, which ruled Paris until May, • May 1871: Thiers (with Army) repressed the Commune.

5. Characteristics of repertoires of popular collective action in France, 1650-1980 (Tilly 1986:392-3) 1650-1850: Parochial and Patronized • General Characteristics • Use of authorities’ normal means of action, as caricature or temporary assumption of authorities’ prerogative in the name of the community • Tendency to participate as members of representatives of constituted corporate groups and communities rather than special interests • Tendency to appeal to powerful patrons for redress of wrongs or representation to outside authorities • Extensive use of authorized public celebrations and assemblies to present grievances and demands • Repeated adoption of rich, irreverent symbolism: effigies and ritual objects • Convergence on the residence of wrongdoer or sites of wrongdoing, as opposed to seats and symbols of public power

6. Characteristics of repertoires of popular collective action in France, 1650-1980 1650-1850: Parochial and Patronized • Examples • Seizure of grain (food riots) • Invasion of forbidden fields, forests, streams • Destruction of tollgates and other barriers • Attacks on machines • Serenades (rough music) • Expulsion of tax collectors, foreign workers, other outsiders • Rowdy holiday parades • Inter-village battles • Sacking private homes • Popular courts • Turnouts

7. Characteristics of repertoires of popular collective action in France, 1650-1980 1850-1980: National and autonomous • General Characteristics • Use of relatively autonomous means of action, or a kind rarely or never employed by authorities • Tendency to participate as members of representatives of special interests and named associations or pseudo-associations (e.g., Coalition for Justice) • Tendency to challenge rivals or authorities, especially national authorities and their representatives, directly rather than through appeals to patrons • Deliberate organization of assemblies for articulation of claims • Display of progams, slogans, signs or common membership • Preference for action in visible public places

8. Characteristics of repertoires of popular collective action in France, 1650-1980 1850-1980:National and autonomous • Examples • Strikes • Demonstrations • Electoral Rallies • Public meetings • Petition marches • Planned insurrections • Invasion of official assemblies • Social movements • Electoral campaigns

9. Social Change in Western Europe, 1600-1900 • 1688: English (Glorious) Revolution • 1776: American Revolution • 1789: French Revolution • 1848: Revolutionary Struggles throughout Europe (especially Germany and France) • 1861: American Civil War • 1871: Prussian-German War produces German Empire

10. Old and New Repertoires of Contention in U.S., 1752-1996 anti-proprietor revolts: 1652-1691 militia rebellions: 1676-1691 festivals: Stamp Act of 1765 tax revolts: 1765-1794 food riots: 1713-1837 tenants’ rebellions: 1745-1766 squatters’ rebellions: 1782-1850 slave rebellions: 1663-1860 vigilantism: 1771-1865 Patronized OLD Orientation To Powerholders expulsion:1765-1861 boycotts: 1765-present cooperatives: 1870-present election rally public meeting strike demonstration social movement NEW Autonomous National Local Scope of Action

11. U.S. Periodization, 1620-present • Colonial America: 1620-1765 • Colonial Revolt: 1765-1815 • National Period: 1815-1861 • Revolutionary Struggles: 1861-1946 • Consolidation/Increase in Scale: 1946-present