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Intro. To Information Systems-II Components of an Information System :-- An Information System model that expresses a fundamental conceptual framework for the major components and activities of information System.
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Intro. To Information Systems-II • Components of an Information System :-- • An Information System model that expresses a fundamental conceptual framework for the major components and activities of information System. • An Information System depends on the resources of people, hardware, software, data and networks to perform input, processing, output, storage, and control activities that convert data resources into information products.
Information System Resources :-- An Information System (IS) consists of five basic resources: • People Resources • Hardware Resources • Software Resources • Data Resources • Network Resources
(1) People Resources :-- People are the essential for the successful operation of all information systems. These people resources include IT specialists (such as a Database Administrator or Network Engineer) and end-users (such as Data Capture Clerks). • End Users :- End users are people who use an information system or the information it produces. They can be customers, salespersons, engineers, clerks, accountants and managers. • IS Specialists :- IS Specialists are people who develop and operate information system. They include systems analysts, software developers, system operators, and other managerial and technical IS personnel. Briefly systems analyst design information systems based on the information requirements of end users, software developers create computer programs based on the specifications of system analysts and system operators help monitor and operate large computer systems and networks
(2) Hardware Resources :-- Hardware resources includes all physical devices and materials used in information processing. Specifically, it includes not only machines, such as computers and other equipment, but also all data media, that is tangible objects on which data are recorded, from sheets of paper to magnetic or optical disks. • Computer Systems :- Which consists of central processing units containing microprocessors and a variety of interconnected peripheral devices such as printers, scanner, monitoring and so on. • Computer Peripherals :- Which are devices such as a keyboard, electronic mouse, track ballfor the input of data and commands, a video screen or printer for the output of information, and magnetic or optical disk drives for the storage of data resources.
(3) Software Resources :- Software Resources includes all sets of information processing instructions. This generic concept of software includes not only the sets of operating instructions called Programs., which direct and control computer hardware, but also the sets of information processing instructions called Procedures that people need.
System Software:-- Such as an operating system program, which controls and supports the operations of a computer system. Microsoft Windows and Unix are two examples of popular computer operating systems. • Application Software :-- Which are programs that direct processing for a particular use of computers by end users. Examples are sales analysis, payroll and word processing programs. • Procedures :-- which are operatinginstructions for the people who will use an information system. Examples are instructions for filling out a paperform or using a software package.
(4) Data Resources :-- • Data are more than the raw material of information systems. Managers and Information system professionals realize that data are valuable organizational resources. • Data can take many forms, including traditional alphanumeric data, Text data, image data, audio data etc.. • The data resources of information systems are typically organized, stored and accessed by a variety of data resource management technologies. • Data is also knowledge base that hold knowledge in a variety of forms such as facts, rules, and examples.
(5)Network Resources :-- Telecommunication technologies and networks like Internet, Intranets, and extranets are essential to the successful e-business and e-commerce operations of all types of organizations and their computer based information systems. Network Resources include : • Communication Media :- Examples include twisted pair wire, coaxial and fiber optic cables and microwave, cellular and satellite wireless technologies. • Network Infrastructure :-- This generic category emphasizes that many hardware, software, and data technologies are needed to support the operation and use of a communication network. Ex: Network operating systems and Internet browser packages.
Data Versus Information :-- • Data are raw facts or Observation about business transactions. • Information is data that has been converted into meaningful and useful context for end users • Examples: • Sales data is names, quantities, and Price. • Sales information is amount of sales by product type, sales area, or salesperson
Strategic IT • Using IT to develop product, service and capabilities that give company advantage over the competitive force and global market. • IT can change the way businesses compete • A strategic information system is any information system that uses IT to help an organization… • Gain a competitive advantage • Reduce a competitive disadvantage
Competitive Forces • To succeed, a business must develop strategies to counter these forces meet in the marketplace. • New entrants into an industry and its markets • Substitute products that may capture market share • Bargaining power of customers • Bargaining power of suppliers
Competitive Forces and Strategies :-- • Cost Leadership Strategy:- Becoming a low cost producer of products and services in the industry, or finding ways to help its suppliers or customers reduce their costs or to increase the costs of their competitors. • Differentiation Strategy :- Developing ways to differentiate a firms products and services from its competitors or reduce the differentiation advantages of computers . This may allow a firm to focus its products or services to give it an advantage in particular segments of a market.
(3) Innovative Strategy :- Finding new ways of doing business. This may involve the development of unique products and services, or entry into unique markets or market area. It may also involve making some changes to the business processes for producing or distributing products and services. (4)Growth Strategies :- Significantly expanding a company's capacity to produce goods and services, expanding into global markets, diversifying into new products and services or integrating into related products and service.
(5) Alliance Strategies :-Establishing new business linkages and alliances with customers, suppliers, competitors, consultants and other companies. These linkages may include mergers, joint ventures, forming of “ virtual companies” or other marketing, manufacturing or distribution agreements between a business and its trading partners.
Here above figures illustrate the scope of the challenges and opportunities facing business managers and professionals in effectively managing information systems and technologies. Successin today’s dynamic business environment depends heavily on maximizing the internet-based technologies and web enabled information systems to meet the competitive environments of customers, suppliers, and other business partners in a global marketplace.
Success and Failure with Information Technology (IT) :- By now you should be able to see that the success of an information system should not be measured only by its efficiency in terms of minimizing costs, time and the use of information resources. • Success should also be measured by the effectiveness of the information technology in supporting an organizations business strategies.
Business / IT Challenges :-- • Speed and flexibility requirements of product development, manufacturing and delivery cycles. • Reengineering of business processes using internet technologies • Integration of e-business and e-commerce into the organizations strategies, processes, structure and culture.
Business/ IT Developments:- • Use of the internet, intranets and extranets and the web as the primary IT Infrastructure. • Use of web technology to internet work employees, customers and suppliers. • Global networked computing, collaboration and decision support systems.
Business / IT Goals :- • Give customers what they want, when and how they want it, at the lowest cost. • coordination of manufacturing and business processes with suppliers and customers. • marketing channel partnerships with suppliers and distributors.
