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Aggression, Appeasement, and War Chp . 18 section 1 pp . 468-472

Aggression, Appeasement, and War Chp . 18 section 1 pp . 468-472. Adapted from a presentation by Becca Sehnert 2012. Main Idea. During the 1930s, dictators undermined world peace. Dictators Challenge World Peace Japan on the Move.

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Aggression, Appeasement, and War Chp . 18 section 1 pp . 468-472

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  1. Aggression, Appeasement, and WarChp. 18 section 1 pp. 468-472 Adapted from a presentation by BeccaSehnert 2012

  2. Main Idea During the 1930s, dictators undermined world peace.

  3. Dictators Challenge World PeaceJapan on the Move • Mussolini and Hitler thought desire for peace was weakness and responded with aggression • Japan’s military and ultranationalists though Japan should be = to western powers • So they seized Manchuria in 1931 and withdrew from the League of Nations • This strengthened militarists and they over ran eastern China • Westerners had no effect on the conquering

  4. Dictators Challenge World PeaceItaly Invades Ethiopia • Mussolini used his military for imperialist ambitions • Looked at Ethiopia in NE Africa • In 1935, Italy invaded Ethiopia • Mussolini had more modern weapons • Ethiopia looked to the League of Nations for help but they didn’t have power to enforce the sanctions and Italy conquered Ethiopia in 1936

  5. Dictators Challenge World PeaceHitler’s Challenge • Hitler found the western democracies to be WEAK! • So he built up the German military against the treaty of Versailles • Then in 1936 he went into Rhineland • Germans HATED Versailles treaty and Hitler gained popularity • Western democracies didn’t take action • Uh oh! • Then they adopted appeasement

  6. Dictators Challenge World PeaceAppeasement and Neutrality • Developed appeasement cuz • France was demoralized • Couldn’t move against Hitler • British didn’t want to confront German dictator • They thought Versailles treaty was too harsh against Germany

  7. Dictators Challenge World PeaceAppeasement and Neutrality • Britain and France liked Hitler cuz he fought against the spread of Soviet communism • Pacifism spread and all people wanted was peace! • USA congress passed Neutrality Acts cuz they didn’t want to get involded in the European war

  8. Dictators Challenge World PeaceRome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis • Germany, Italy, and Japan were known as the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis • They fought soviet communism • Agreed to not butt in about expansions • Created anti-democratic powers

  9. Spanish Civil WarFrom Monarchy to Republic • 1936 Spanish civil war drew other European countries to fight • 1920s Spain was dominated by upper class, CC, and military • In 1931, king was forced to leave the country • Republic was set up with new constitution • Republican gov. passed controversial reforms • Took church lands and ended church control of edu • Gave some peasants land, women could vote, ruling class lost powers • Public opinion was divided • Leftists wanted radical reform • Conservatives backed by military, rejected change • Wanted peace!!!

  10. Spanish Civil WarNationalists Versus Loyalists • 1936 Francisco Franco led a revolt that started the civil war • Nationalists joined Franco • Supporters of republic, aka Loyalists • Communists, socialists, supporters of democracy • Hitler and Mussolini helped Franco • 37,000 volunteers joined the International Brigades and fought against fascism • Gov. of Britain, Franco, and USA remained neutral

  11. Spanish Civil WarDress Rehearsal • Both sides committed atrocities • Took ~1 million lives • Worst horror… • Germans air raid on Guernica • One April morning in 1937, German bombers dropped bombs on the market square • Then they shot anyone on the streets who survived • = total of 1600 innocent people killed! • Nazis said this was an “experiment” to see what their planes could do • I call BS! • 1939, Franco won and made a fascist dictatorship and scared people into following him

  12. German Aggression Continues • Hitler wanted all German-speaking people to be in the Third Reich • Thought he had the right to conquer Slavs to the east • “Nature is cruel, so we may be cruel, too…I have the right to remove millions of an inferior race that breeds liker vermin.”-Hitler

  13. German Aggression ContinuesAustria Annexed • 1938 Hitler wanted to make Anschluss • Austria and Germany • Forced Austrian chancellor to appoint Nazis to cabinet • Sent German army to make order • Made a speech at former residence of Hapsburg leader • Hitler silenced those who opposed him

  14. German Aggression ContinuesCzech Crisis • Germany went after Czechoslovakia next • Czechoslovakia was one of 2 remaining democracies in Eastern Europe • Britain and France didn’t want to start a war to save it, wanted a peaceful solution • Sudetenland must be annexed to Germany said Hitler • Munich Conference in Sept. 1938 • British and French wanted appeasement • Caved in to Hitler and persuaded Czechs to surrender Sudetenland peacefully • Hitler agreed not to expand territory further

  15. German Aggression Continues“Peace for Our Time” • British prime minister, Neville Chamberlain, said he made “peace for our time” • Edouard Daladier said, “The fools, why are they cheering?” • Winston Churchill had warned the government about the Nazi threat and said, “They had to choose between war and dishonor. They chose dishonor; they will have war.”

  16. Europe Plunges Toward War • Like Churchill said, Munich didn’t bring peace • Europe went to war • March 1939 Hitler took over Czechoslovakia • Appeasement failed • Promised to protect Poland from Hitler

  17. Europe Plunges Toward WarNazi-Soviet Pact • August 1939 Hitler announced a nonaggression pact with Stalin, Soviet leader • Nazi-Soviet Pact bound Hitler and Stalin to peace • Secretly agreed to not fight if other went to war and divide up Poland and E Euro • Pact was based on mutual need • Hitler feared communism • Stalin feared fascism • Hitler didn’t want to fight w/West. Democracies and soviet union at the same time • Stalin wanted w. allies against Nazi control • He bought time to build army and got territory

  18. Europe Plunges Toward WarInvasion of Poland • Sept. 1, 1939, 1 week after Nazi-Soviet Pact • Germans invaded Poland • 2 days after, Britain and France declared war on Germany • WWII began!

  19. Why War Came • Versailles divided the world- those who agreed and those who didn’t • Germany, Italy, Japan, and Soviet Union felt left out • People debated why western democracies didn’t respond to Hitler with force • Hoped diplomacy and compromise would solve problem • Historians say Britain and France could have stopped Hitler in 1936 by aiding Loyalist Spain • Didn’t want to risk war

  20. VOCAB • Sanctions • Penalties • Appeasement • Giving in to demands of aggressor to keep peace • Pacifism • Opposition to all war! • Anschluss • Union of Austria and Germany

  21. REVIEW • What Treaty ended World War I? • Treaty of Versailles • What was the Economy in after WWI and before WWII? • A Depression • What country did Germany invade to begin WWII? • Poland • What type of government did the Soviet Union have after WWI until 1992? • Communism

  22. REVIEW 2 • What was the leading political party in Germany by the middle 1930’s? • Nazi • What year did WWII Start? • 1939 • What 2 countries were first to declare war on Germany in WWII? • Great Britain and France

  23. REVIEW 3 • Who was Prime Minister of Great Britain during WWII? Winston Churchill • Who was the Dictator of the Soviet Union during WWII? Joseph Stalin • Who was the Dictator of Germany during WWII? Adolf Hitler

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