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Figure 23.1

Figure 23.1. Figure 23.3. Human Microbiota – Respiratory Tract. The lungs and trachea are usually sterile. The ciliated mucous lining of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles makes up the mucociliary escalator . - Sweeps foreign particles up and out of the lung. Figure 23.5.

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Figure 23.1

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  1. Figure 23.1

  2. Figure 23.3

  3. Human Microbiota – Respiratory Tract The lungs and trachea are usually sterile. The ciliated mucous lining of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles makes up the mucociliary escalator. - Sweeps foreign particles up and out of the lung Figure 23.5

  4. Human Microbiota – Stomach Stomach has very high acidity. - Few microbes survive. - Helicobacter pylori - Survives at pH 1 - Burrows into protective mucus - Causes gastric ulcers Figure 23.6 Decreased stomach acidity = Hypochlorydia - Caused by malnourishment - Vibrio cholerae survives stomach passage. - Establishes infection in less acidic intestine

  5. Overview of the Immune System Nonadaptive (innate) immunity - Barriers to infection - Nonspecific responses to destroy invading cells - Present at birth Adaptive immunity - Reaction to specific antigens - Parts of foreign proteins, sugars, chemicals - Body reacts to antigens when exposed. - Retains “memory” of those antigens - Faster response if exposed a second time

  6. Cells of the Immune System Blood is composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. WBCs are formed by differentiation of stem cells produced in the bone marrow. Figure 23.11 Figure 23.12

  7. monocyte PMN

  8. lymphocyte

  9. Figure 23.13 Figure 23.14

  10. Lymphoid Organs Primary lymphoid organs - Where lymphocytes mature - e.g.: Thymus Secondary lymphoid organs - Where lymphocytes encounter antigens - e.g.: Spleen and lymph nodes Figure 23.16

  11. The gastrointestinal system possesses an innate system called gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). - Includes tonsils and Peyer’s patches - Specialized M cells take up microbes from the intestine and release on the other side for macrophages. Figure 23.17

  12. Figure 23.22 Figure 23.23

  13. Figure 23.24

  14. Animation: The basic inflammatory response The Acute Inflammatory Response Click box to launch animation

  15. Phagocytosis Phagocytes must avoid attacking host cells. - Host cell glycoprotein CD47 prevents attack. Phagocytes is enhanced by opsonization. - Microbial cells are coated with antibodies. Figure 23.27

  16. Animation: Phagocytosis Phagocytosis Click box to launch animation

  17. Natural Killer Cells Destroy infected and cancerous host cells Healthy cells make surface MHC class I antigens. - Cancerous and infected cells stop making MHC I Figure 23.28 When an NK cell encounters a cell lacking these markers, it secretes perforins protein into the target cell. - Creates membrane pores to lyse cell

  18. Toll-Like Receptors Microbes possess unique structures that immediately tag them as foreign. - These pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are recognized by Toll-like receptors present on various host cell types. Once bound to their ligands, the TLRs trigger an intracellular regulatory cascade. - Cause host cell to release proteins called cytokines - Bind to various immune cells, and direct them to engage the invader

  19. LPS LPS LBP Yeast Bacteria Zymosan Bacteria PGN Flagellin BLP LBP Viral dSRNA DNA CpG MALP2 LTA LAM MD2 T L R 2 T L R 1 T L R 2 T L R 6 T L R 5 T L R 4 T L R 1 0 T L R 4 T L R 1 1 ST2 T L R 1 2 SIGIRR T L R 1 3 CD14 CD14 IRF3 IRF8 IRF7 IRF7 IRF8 TIRAP TIRAP TIRAP MyD88 MyD88s MyD88 MyD88 MyD88 MyD88 MyD88 MyD88 MyD88 MyD88s ToIIIP Rac Rac TRAM RIP2 RIP2 PI3K PI3K TRIF UbC13 BTK UEV1A ECSIT Triad3 NF-kB NF-kB NF-kB NF-kB IRAKM IRAK4 TRAF6 IRAK2 IRAK1 TRAF6 T L R 9 TAB2 T L R 3 TAB1 T L R 8 MKK7 T L R 7 TAK1 IKKs MKK6 MKK3 MEKK3 IKKs IkB IkB TRIF p38 TRAF6 BTK RIP3 2009 ProteinLounge.com IRAK TBK1 TRAF6 JNK RIP CREB IKKe TANK C-Jun ATF2 Toll-Like Receptors Myco- Bacterial 19KDa Protein Uropathogenic Bacteria NF-kB Pathway ENDOSOME IFN-a NUCLEUS IFN-b SLAM,CD80, CD83 C TNF,COX2, IL-18 IFN-Responsive Genes

  20. LBP SoxRS OxyR SOD Catalase AHP FUR IFNg IkBs TLR4 IFNR1IFNR2 p38 TAB1 IKK JAK IRAK Calm Calm IkBsDegradation P P P P STAT1a STAT1a STAT1a STAT1a iNOS iNOS iNOS HuR AP-1 NF-kB NF-kB IRF1 IRF1 HMGI/g 2009 ProteinLounge.com NADPHOxidase CD14 MyD88 TRAF6 C Bacteria (eg: E. coliSalmonella, Mycobacterium,Helicobacter, etc) LPS RibonucleotideReductase Bacterial DNA DSBs Macrophage GSH iNOS Signaling ONOO- H2O2 Virus(Herpesvirus,Picornaviruses,Flavivirusesand Coronaviruses) O2- NO NADPH+O2 ViralProtease L-Citrulline ViralPolyprotein iNOS mRNA L-Arginine+O2 Viral RNA Destabilization

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