Imperialism

1. Imperialism Chapter 21 AP European History

2. Imperialism • The building of an empire • “…the process by which one state, with superior military strength and more advanced technology, imposes its control over the land, resources, and population of a less developed region.” p 820

3. Motivations • “Dual Mandate” • Civilizing • Resources • Industrialization spurs imperialism • Need for resources • Need for markets to sell manufactured goods • Nationalism (empire=strength, power)

4. Types of Imperialism • Colonial Imperialism: • “Old style” imperialism • Common in the 16th and 17th centuries • Complete takeover • Colonial powers set up new governments • Imposition of culture upon “natives” • Migrations and settlement of people from the mother country to the colony

5. Types of Imperialism • Political Imperialism: • Use of diplomacy or military force to influence internal affairs of a weaker nation • The stronger nation doesn’t completely control the weaker one, but has a great deal of influence

6. Types of Imperialism • Economic Imperialism: • Desire to control global trade and commerce • The stronger nation attempts to control the economy of the weaker nation so as to exploit them for economic gain • Social-cultural Imperialism: • Forcing (or encouraging…) a region to adopt the language, customs, religion etc. of the stronger nation

7. Imperialism and Social Darwinism • Social Darwinism and Racism would be used to justify imperialism • Herbert Spencer • Houston Stewart Chamberlain • “White Man’s Burden” • Rudyard Kipling

8. “New Imperialism” • In the 1800’s, a new wave of imperialism began • Focus on Africa and Asia • Known as “Neo-Colonialism” or “New Imperialism”

9. British Empire “…the sun never sets on the British Empire…”

10. The British Empire • Great Britain would create a huge empire with colonies and protectorates all over the world • India (see notes in section on British Raj) • Egypt (see notes in section on Africa) • South Africa (see notes in section on Africa) • Dominions in Canada, Australia, New Zealand

11. Scramble for Africa • Before the 1800’s, European contact was largely limited to the coastal areas • Europe forced to do business with the native empires • Ie. Songhai, Asante, etc. • Europeans were largely ignorant of the interior areas of sub-Saharan Africa

12. Scramble for Africa • South Africa was one of the areas of Africa to experience European aggression. • First settled by Dutch • Est. Cape Town as shipping location • 1795: British seized Cape Town • South African Dutch (aka Boers or Afrikaners) fled into a region of South Africa known as Transvaal (known as the Great Trek) • Discovered diamonds and gold • British want the resources

13. Scramble for Africa • Boer Wars (1880-1881 and 1899-1902) • British fight the Boers (Afrikaners) for access to resources • British win; annexed the territory and added all of South Africa to their empire • Africans forced to work in gold and diamond mines

14. Scramble for Africa • Although part of the British Empire, South Africa exercised a significant amount of self-rule • Drafted a constitution • Only white men could vote • Africans had few rights • System of legal segregation later developed • Apartheid (1948-1994) • (comparable to Jim Crow in the American South) • 1912: Educated Africans created the African National Congress to oppose European colonialism

16. Scramble for Africa • Egypt had been part of the Ottoman Empire since 1517 • Ottoman control was minimal • local rulers, called beys, had more power than the rulers back in Istanbul • 1798: Napoleon invaded in attempt to add Egypt to his empire • Muhammad Ali led Egypt to defend Egypt from foreign domination • 1805: Ottoman Sultan named Ali pasha or viceroy of Egypt • Although the Ottoman Empire still saw Egypt as part of its territory, Ali controlled Egypt

17. Scramble for Africa • Egypt begins to industrialize and westernize • Ali emphasized cotton production to give Egypt a valuable trading commodity • 1869: Suez Canal construction completed to connect the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean • France helped construct the canal, but Egypt had to borrow from Europe to pay for construction

19. Scramble for Africa • Attempts at industrialization and westernization caused Egypt to accumulate debt • Began to sell stock in the Suez Canal to pay debts; Britain biggest investor • By 1882, Britain controlled the canal and had gotten involved in Egypt to the point that Egypt was viewed as a protectorate of Britain • Although it kept its own government, Egypt had been added to the British empire • Would remain somewhat tied to Britain until a revolution in 1952

20. Scramble for Africa • 1884: Berlin Conference • Otto Von Bismarck hosted conference to discuss Africa • Agreed to rules for colonization of Africa • Nations must notify each other of their claims • “Effective Occupation” to avoid war among the rival nations

21. Scramble for Africa • By 1914, nearly all of Africa was controlled by a European power • Except Ethiopia and Liberia • Impact of Colonization of Africa • Europeans put into power positions • Britain allowed more self-rule b/c it was overburdened by colonies elsewhere • Western culture spread • Traditional African culture started to fall apart • Islam also grew in popularity due to competition with Christianity • Africans were forced to work to produce cash crops for Europeans • European boundaries did not follow traditional boundaries set up by the people of Africa • Rival tribal groups forced together, or communities split apart

23. Asia in an Age of Imperialism • Like Africa, Asia was also affected by imperialism in the 1800’s. • India fell to British rule • China was broken into Spheres of Influence • Japan became an imperial power

24. British Raj in India • By 18th Century, Mughal Empire in decline • Conflict among Hindus and Muslims weakened the empire • French and British slowly made their way into dominant roles • France and Britain fight, France defeated • Britain becomes the dominant European force in India • British East India Company uses troops to conquer Bengal (Bangladesh)

25. British Raj in India • Over next 100 years, British slowly take over India • British East India Company used sepoys to guard their administrative buildings • Sepoy: Indian troops who served the British • The Sepoy Mutiny (1857) spelled the end for Mughal rule in India • Sepoys revolted against the British East India Company, which prompted the British government to get involved • 1858: Britain declared India a royal colony and the last of the Mughal rulers (Bahadur Shah II) was exiled • The monarch of Britain was officially recognized as the ruler of India (Queen Victoria)

26. British Raj in India • Indian government was administered from London • Sent people to govern in the name of Britain • Tried to preserve Indian traditions, but difficult • Indian Civil Service supplied members of the bureaucracy • Mostly British • Britain helped to industrialize and modernize India • Railroads, canals, urbanization, telegraph lines

27. British Raj in India • Although Britain had a firm hold on India, many dreamed of independence • Some middle class and educated Indians formed the Indian National Congress (1885) • Call for greater Indian involvement in govt. • Try to begin path toward independence • The British raj (British rule of India) would last until 1947

28. Spheres of Influence in China • China isolated throughout much of its history • Up until 1830’s, Europeans restricted to Canton for trade • Strict limitations on outside influence • As European nations grew more powerful through industrialization and weaponry, they were increasingly able to push China around

29. Spheres of Influence in China • Opium was a major product the British imported into China • Chinese government eventually banned the substance due to its addictive and harmful properties • British government reacted negatively • Resulted in war (Opium Wars) • Two separate wars, both victories for Britain • China forced to open up to western influences

30. Spheres of Influence in China • Foreign nations began to see China as weak • They too demanded increased access to China • Europeans created “Spheres of Influence” in China • Invested money, built military bases, created businesses, etc. • Open Door Policy: advocated by the U.S. • Called for equal access to Chinese markets

31. Spheres of Influence in China • The Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (A.K.A. Boxers) organized a rebellion • Goal to drive Europe and Japan out of China • Used guerilla warfare tactics to murder Christian missionaries and attack foreign embassies • The Boxer Rebellion was eventually put down • China was forced to sign the Boxer Protocol • China forced to apologize and pay European nations for costs incurred during the rebellion

32. The Fate of China • Chinese culture started to alter due to foreign influence • 1901: foot binding abolished • 1905: Civil Service examination system abolished after 2,000 years of use • And, Chinese Dynastic rule came to an end • 1911-1912: uprising resulted in end of Qing rule and establishment of a republic

33. Japan Builds an Empire • During 17-18th Centuries, Japan avoided foreign influence • Even restricted its own citizens from traveling abroad • Japan developed a highly ethnocentric society • Downside, their isolation kept them from adopting new technologies

35. Japan Builds an Empire • 1853: U.S. sent Commodore Matthew Perry to Japan to negotiate ties • Arrived by steamship- unknown to Japan • Japan quickly realized their inability to compete with western powers • Begins plans to industrialize and modernize • Japan slowly opened itself up to foreign influence • Signed treaties with Europeans granting them access to Japanese markets • Japan emerges as a world power as result of changes and Meiji Restoration

37. Japan Builds an Empire • Many grew resentful of foreign influence and revolted against the shogunate • Known as Meiji Restoration • shogun was overthrown and power given to the emperor • Began widespread changes to modernize Japan

39. Japan Builds an Empire • By 1870’s, Japan had started its own Industrial Revolution • Under the emperor a new bureaucracy was formed • Even drafted a constitution and created an elected legislature • However, voting rights were restricted • Transportation and communication systems implemented • Samurai class abolished and modern military organized • Economic transformation • End of feudalism, industry implemented, private corporations • Increased emphasis on education

40. Japan Builds an Empire • Japan’s new power made them nearly equal with the Europeans • Able to negotiate trade on an equal footing with Europeans • Began to turn its eyes to other nations in Asia • 1895: war with China- gained control of Taiwan and Korea • 1904: Russo-Japanese War- defeated Russia and gained access to Manchuria and established a sphere of influence there • This war helps to solidify Japan’s place as a world power