Chapter 8

1. Chapter 8 BIG Business and Cities

2. Lesson 1 • Timeframe: 1856-1900 • Vocabulary: corporation, competition, monopoly, labor union, strike • Main Ideas: Inventions changed people’s lives. Businesses produced more goods, hired more people, and earned more money than ever. Workers united to improve working conditions.

3. Inventions of the 1800s • Saved time and money and improved life for many people • Elijah McCoy-oil cup-kept trains running • Remington-typewriter-saved time with letters and reports • Margaret Knight-paper bags-easier to carry items

4. Inventions • Alexander Graham Bell-phone-made communication easier and faster • Thomas Edison-electric light + clean, safe, and brighter lights kept city factories and stores open after dark *Business grew and changed with these inventions.

5. Big Business Men • Henry Bessemer-Bessemer process-made steel in an inexpensive way • Andrew Carnegie-used Bessemer process to make steel railroads-also bought other businesses to help his business • John D Rockefeller-Standard Oil Company-a corporation

6. Corporation • Other people give money to run business-called owning “shares” and corporation pays other people part of their profit • Raised money by selling shares but buying shares was risky • Competition between companies led to monopolies-when a company has no competition

7. Monopoly • Competition keeps prices low and quality of items good because people have a lot of choices • In 1879, 90% of the US oil belonged to Rockefeller-he had eliminated his competition and became one of the richest people in the world

8. Philanthropist • Carnegie and Rockefeller gave lots of time and money to charity • Carnegie paid for libraries • Rockefeller paid for schools, churches and hospitals

9. Industrialization • Machines made goods at lower prices • People bought large amounts of goods • Factories grew larger and more productive • Many people were hired to work in the factories

10. Factory Life • Same thing for 10-12 hours a day for 6 days a week • Unsafe and dirty • Children (age 10-15) dropped out of school to work and make money • Poor paychecks • Fired if you complained

11. Labor Union • Workers united to demand better working conditions and better pay • Knights of Labor-1st labor union-worked to make it illegal for children to work in factories • Workers used strikes (refusing to work) to get business to make changes • AFL Samuel Gompers

12. Lesson 2 • Timeframe: 1890-1924 • Vocabulary: persecution, ethnic group, tenement • Main Ideas: Millions of immigrants moved to the US. Immigrants moved to large cities and worked in factories.

13. Immigration • Immigrant is a person that leaves their homeland to live elsewhere-usually to make their life better • In 44 years, 25 MILLION immigrants came to the United States from all over the world. They were looking for work. Some escaped persecution. Most received greater political freedom.

14. Ellis Island • Immigrants from Europe arrived at Ellis Island in New York Harbor. They had to have plans for a home and work. They also had to pass a medical physical. • Almost all European immigrants were eventually allowed to enter the US

15. Angel Island • Immigrants from Asia arrived at Angel Island in the San Francisco Bay, CA • Faced prejudice • About 25% were forced to return home to their original countries • U.S. became known as the “melting pot” with many different cultures mixed in it

16. Welcome to the United States • Immigrants settled near family or friends and developed immigrant communities in big cities • Ethnic neighborhoods were made up of people that practiced the same culture and language • Living conditions were dangerous and dirty in tenement housing

17. Hard Times • Very little pay • Crowded, dirty and unsafe which brought sickness and disease • Prejudice about different culture • Prejudice about possibility of loosing jobs to immigrants that accept less pay

18. Immigration Laws • 1882 Congress limited immigration with Chinese Exclusion Act-kept out almost all new Asian immigrants • 1920s Congress limited the number of European immigrants • But immigrants brought great ideas and inventions to make our country unique

19. Statue of Liberty • Gift from France • Sculpted by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi • Symbol of friendship and freedom • 151 feet high and 225 tons in the center of NY Harbor • Poem by Emma Lazarus engraved on it • Torch uses 13,000 watts of light symbolizing freedom

20. Lady Liberty • Seven spikes stand for the seven seas and seven continents • Tablet in her hand is engraved July 4, 1776 in Roman numberals “Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free”

21. Lesson 3 • Timeframe: 1880-1924 • Vocabulary: stockyard, skyscraper, rapid transit, slum, settlement house • Main Ideas: Cities grew quickly thanks to technology. Crowded cities increased problems.

22. Living in the City • Immigrants moved to cities and Americans left the rural farms for the city life also • Farms used machines instead of people • In 1880, 72% US population lived in rural America. • In 1920, 49% US population lived in rural America.

23. Great Locations • Chicago grew due to transportation routes, natural resources and Lake Michigan • Goods could be shipped or put on a train to deliver all over America • Cities with great resources and good transportation became very popular

24. City Changes • Skyscraper-1st one in Chicago in 1885 • Growth of steel and electricity made it possible to build skyscrapers • Rapid transit-system of trains to move people quickly • Problems: noisy, slums, unsafe, fires

25. Great Chicago Fire • Burning oil lamps used in barns and a cow knocked it over and most of town burned • No fire escapes on buildings so many people died • Laws were changed about building materials and fire escapes

26. Jane Addams • Opened Hull House in Chicago in 1889 • 1st settlement house ever • A settlement house is a community center that helped people get an education, medical care, and find jobs • Provided day care for kids

27. Steel City • Pittsburgh was right place due to location, resources and 3 rivers and the railroad • Steelers represents the history • Today steel mills are closed and the city is focusing on “going green”

28. Lesson 4 • Timeframe: 1900-1920 • Vocabulary: progressive, muckraker • Main Ideas: Progressives tried to improve life in the US. Women and African Americans worked hard to gain equal rights.

29. Progressives • Due to young children working in factories and lots of pollution, progressives worked hard to make factories cleaner and safer • Convinced lawmakers to protect workers and keep children from working

30. Muckraker • Muck is unpleasant dirt • Progressives who wrote about the need for change were called muckrakers • Upton Sinclair-a muckraker-wrote The Jungle about unsafe and dirty meatpacking plants

31. Theodore Roosevelt • President Roosevelt worked with Congress to pass Pure Food Act and Meat Inspection Act • These laws protected the consumer by stating that medicine and foods had to be made without harmful chemicals

32. National Parks • Roosevelt wanted to preserve wilderness areas • Created Yosemite National Park

33. Equal Rights: Women • Discriminated in jobs and education • Carrie Chapman Catt-gave speeches, wrote letters to law makers and marched in protest about inequality • 19th Amendment-guaranteed women the right to vote

34. Equal Rights: Racial • Many organizations fought for equal rights for African, Mexican and Asian Americans • NAACP-African American equality • Leaders: W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T Washington

35. Great Migration • Hate organizations formed to spread fear and encourage prejudices • Life became very difficult for southern African Americans • Many moved to the North to get equality in the factories up North • Look at map on textbook page 283

36. Review for Test • Know vocabulary and important names • Relate inventions and businesses to changing American culture • Advantages and disadvantages of city life • Describe women’s suffrage • Why is US known as a “melting pot”