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Circulatory systems

Circulatory systems. Biology 2: Form and Function. Circulation. Transport of Nutrients Metabolic wastes Metabolic gases Various elements of immunological system Hormonal signals Heat energy. The evolution of circulation in animals.

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Circulatory systems

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  1. Circulatory systems Biology 2: Form and Function

  2. Circulation • Transport of • Nutrients • Metabolic wastes • Metabolic gases • Various elements of immunological system • Hormonal signals • Heat energy

  3. The evolution of circulation in animals • Primitive animals rely upon diffusion as a mechanism of transport (Porifera, Cnidaria) • Diffusion becomes inefficient over distances of 2–3 cells (limits size of Platyhelminthes) • Development of a pseudocoelom provided primitive circulatory sac with fluid • Eucoelomates (Mollusca onwards) developed true circulatory systems

  4. Open and Closed Circulation • Open systems (Mollusca, Arthropoda) bathe organs in haemolymph. organs held in secondary spaces (sinuses) that may join together to form haemocoel • Closed systems contain circulatory fluid (blood) in a vascular system that feeds individual organs • Both open and closed systems require a pump (heart)

  5. Hearts • Hearts have evolved from two, to three, to four chambered systems • Human heart powers dual circuit (pulmonary and systemic) • EKG reflects complex waveform (systole / diastole)

  6. A trip inside the heart...

  7. The cardiovascular network

  8. Blood contains... • Plasma (dissolved metabolites, wastes, hormones, ions, proteins) • Red blood cells (Erythrocytes = O2/CO2 transport) • White blood cells: • Neutrophils (immune defense) • Eosinophils (parasite defense) • Basophils (inflammatory response) • Monocytes (immune surveillance) • B-Lymphocytes (antibody production) • T-Lymphocytes (cellular immune response) • Platelets (blood clotting)

  9. White blood cells have an important role in our immune system

  10. The EKG cycle

  11. The PQRST complex

  12. Abnormal EKGs

  13. The Lymphatic system • Collects fluids and particles in the interstitial fluid primarily the result of capillary leakages • Filters fluid at Lymph Nodes, removing foreign substances • Foreign substances are subsequently destroyed by white blood cell activity

  14. So what about plants? • With developmental complexity came a need for increased circulatory efficiency (cf. Bryophytes versus gymnoperms) • Development of vascular tissue in ferns and upwards • Presence of vascular tissue, together with development of stronger fibrous support, allowed plants to grow taller and compete for sunlight

  15. Types of transportation • Diffusion (small scale only) • Root pressure • Transpiration • In vascular plants, use of • Xylem (water and minerals) • Phloem (sugars)

  16. Mass Flow (3)

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