Industrial Revolution Past Test Questions Courtesy of Mr. Guynn of Marion County, FL

1. Industrial Revolution Past Test QuestionsCourtesy of Mr. Guynn of Marion County, FL

2. Why did Europe industrialise during the nineteenth century? (You should refer to developments in at least two countries in your answer.) • Agricultural Revolution in England; spreads to northern France ( fertilizers, enclosures, selective breeding of livestock, seed drill) • Increased population; fewer farmers needed; move to cities for jobs • More people=more demand for products= Need for better machinery

3. England has it all: • Iron ore and coal • Indented coastline • Lunar Society (inventors,businessmen,etc.) • Canal system • Navigable rivers • Banking/investment system/international • Fluid social structure

4. Inventions • Arkwright’s water frame • Flying shuttle • Spinning jenny • Watt/Newcomen steam engine • Colonial system brings raw materials • New markets available (France and England) • Why is France behind?

5. Analyse the most important differences between a pre-industrial society and an industrial society in the nineteenth century. (You should refer to developments in at least two of Britain, France and Germany in your answer.) • Rural to urban(new problems) • Handmade to machine • Families break up • New social classes(political changes) (middle class) • People connected by railroads • More products available • More demand by consumers • Environmental changes (trees, mines, air, etc.) • England (Factory Act 1833) Why England? • Prussia (zollverein) Why not Germany?

6. Did the Industrial Revolution result in more advantages than disadvantages for the working classes in nineteenth-century Europe? (You should refer to developments in at least two of Britain, France and Germany in your answer.) • Dis: low pay,long hours,unsafe conditions,no vote,families split,no unions,poor housing,short life span,boring jobs,forced to leave rural life (London, for example) • Adv: money,consumer products,middle class, voting rights,education (tech schools in Prussia), factory jobs

7. Why has industrialisation in the nineteenth century been described as a ‘revolution’? • Revolution=change • Rural to urban • Agriculture to manufacturing • Local to global economy • Subsistence to capitalism • Growth of middle class/politics • Socialism, Marxism • Close family to split family • Separated to connected(railroads,canals)

8. How true is the claim that the most important political effect of industrialistion in the nineteenth century was to encourage the demand for democracy? (You should refer to developments in at least two of Britain, France and Germany in your answer.) • True? Urban middle class demanded voting • England-Factory Act of 1833 • France- revolutions of 1830 and 1848 • Rural to Urban society=voting bloc • Labor Unions=bargaining power/vote • England/France both have parliament • Reform movements required voting rights

9. False? Other political ideology • England-socialism(Reform movements) • France- Ultras, royalists, socialists • Karl Marx- communist manifesto • Utopianism/positivism

10. Discuss the claim that the middle classes gained most from the Industrial Revolution in Europe. • Created by Industrial Revolution? • Numbers added in cities • Wealth increased (education/jobs) • More political participation/voting rights • Consumer access to products • Higher standard of living • Social mobility and relative status

11. Other social classes gained more? • Upper class/wealthy gained more wealth • Working class poor gained more money and opportunity in comparison (labor reforms, public education, urban planning improvements, medicine, transportation, etc.)

12. Explain the conditions that were necessary in the nineteenth century for the development of an industrial economy. (You should refer to developments in at least two of the following countries: Britain, France and Germany, in your answer.) • Same as “Why England?” • Same as “Why not France?” • Advantages of colonialism • Technology spreads to continental Europe • Countries need unification (why not India or Africa?) strong central government

13. How far had European countries developed industrial societies and economies by the middle of the nineteenth century? (You should refer to developments in at least two of Britain, France and Germany in your answer.) • Many cities above 100,000 pop. (not just London,Paris,Frankfurt) by 1850 • Railroads crisscrossing England and continental Europe • Steamships crossing oceans by 1840’s • Investment bankers forming stock markets • Prussia has zollverein by 1830’s

14. Telegraph cables on ocean floor in 1830’s • Canals connecting center to coast • Machines replace handcraft (textiles) • Steel construction replaces wood • Factory workers outnumber agriculture in England and Prussia • Military equipped with breech loaders

15. Not industrialized? • Not all European countries involved: Russia and Italy still agricultural; Prussia not as advanced as England (no Germany) • Political disagreements with industrial society (socialism, Marxism)

16. Why did the Industrial Revolution bring about important social changes in Europe? (You should refer to developments in at least two of the following countries: Britain, France and Germany in your answer.) • Movement of masses from rural to urban in England (London) and France (Paris) • Creation of large middle class • Families separated • Consumer society demands changes • Environmental impact/movement • Reform movements (zollverein,Factory Act of 1833)

17. People are connected by canals and railroads • Possibility to move to colonies (England) • Tourism (visit the pyramids or India) • Women in the work force (cult of domesticity)

18. Why were improvements in communications important to industrialisation? (You should refer to developments in at least two of Britain, France and Germany in your answer.) • Businessmen have instant communication through telegraph • Business travel enhanced by rail and canal • Workers informed about jobs (newspapers,railroads, canals) in cities like London,Berlin • Reform movements need printed material for propaganda (Factory Act of 1833)

19. Tech schools in Prussia need to advertise • Colonists need access to information( to and from colonies and business opportunities) • Political involvement requires better communication

20. Why did Britain undergo an Industrial Revolution earlier than France and Germany? • England has it all • Natural resources(coal,iron ore,lumber,fresh water) • Lunar Society (inventions) • Indented coastline;navigable rivers • Investment banking;international trade • Stable political system;unified country

21. Colonies for raw materials/markets • Strong military/victorious • Fluid society rewards ingenuity • Island : need strong merchant ships

22. Why not France? • War debt and disruption of politics • Austrian Succession,7 years war,American Independence(1740’s-1770’s) • French Revolution (1789-1799) • Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815) • Few navigable rivers;limited coastline • Few colonies;limited merchant marine

23. Why did industrialisation have important political effects on Europe during the nineteenth century? (You should refer to developments in at least two of the following countries: Britain, France and Germany in your answer.) • Mass movement to cities=political participation • New middle class – voting rights, wealth • Reform movements (Factory Act of 1833) • Mining Laws in Prussia (zollverein) • Government sponsored railroads,banking, canals, shipping, colonialism

24. Socialism/communism require change in government(or at least debates and votes) • Political participation leads to revolution from monarchies (1848) • Availability of modern weapons changes politics of diplomacy(industrialized vs. not)