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Understanding the Cell Cycle: Mitosis and Its Stages in Cell Division

The cell cycle defines the life of a cell from its creation to division. This process includes interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. Interphase accounts for 90% of the cycle, during which the cell grows, duplicates its organelles, and replicates DNA. Mitosis is divided into stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, where chromosomes are aligned, separated, and moved to opposite poles. Finally, cytokinesis divides the cell into two, either through a cleavage furrow in animal cells or a cell plate in plant cells, resulting in two new individual cells.

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Understanding the Cell Cycle: Mitosis and Its Stages in Cell Division

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  1. The Cell Cycle & Mitosis “Omnis cellula e cellula.” “Every cell from a cell.” —Rudolph Virchow, Germany, 1855

  2. Fig. 12-2a Reproduction: An amoeba, A single celled eukaryote, divides into two cells. Each new cell will be an individual organism. 100 µm

  3. Fig. 12-2b Growth and Development: A sand dollar embryo just after the fertilized egg divided. 200 µm

  4. Fig. 12-2c Tissue Renewal: Bone marrow cells form new blood cells. 20 µm

  5. The Cell Cycle • The life of a cell from the time it first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two cells. • Consists of interphase, mitosis & cytokinesis.

  6. Interphase • The cell grows (increases in mass), • Copies cytoplasmic organelles and • Produces proteins • Duplicates chromosomes • 90% of cell cycle is in interphase

  7. Mitosis Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Replication Alignment Separation

  8. Fig. 12-6 Metaphase Anaphase Telophase and Cytokinesis G2 of Interphase Prophase Prometaphase Centrosomes (with centriole pairs) Early mitotic spindle Centromere Chromatin (duplicated) Fragments of nuclear envelope Nonkinetochore microtubules Aster Cleavage furrow Metaphase plate Nucleolus forming Daughter chromosomes Nuclear envelope forming Centrosome at one spindle pole Spindle Nuclear envelope Kinetochore Chromosome, consisting of two sister chromatids Kinetochore microtubule Plasma membrane Nucleolus

  9. Replication • DNA replicates during interphase.

  10. The Mitotic Spindle • Spindle fibers made of microtubules and proteins that controls chromosome movement during mitosis. • Assembled at centrosome in animal cells (MTOC)

  11. Alignment (Prophase & Metaphase) • Microtubules extend from centrosomes and some attach to kinetochores on the chromatids • Microtublesmove the chromatids until their centromeres lie on the metaphase plate.

  12. Separation—Anaphase & Telophase • Kinetochoremicrotubules shorten and pull the chromatids apart • The chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell

  13. In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs by forming a cleavage furrow which deepens until the parent cell is pinched in two.

  14. In plant cells, a cell plate forms in the middle of the cell.

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