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Chapter 4: Consciousness

This chapter explores the multifaceted nature of consciousness, delving into sensory awareness, attention mechanisms, and the definitions of preconscious, unconscious, and nonconscious states. It covers the complexity of sleep, its biological rhythms, and associated disorders like insomnia and narcolepsy. Furthermore, it examines the transformative effects of hypnosis, meditation, and biofeedback on consciousness and discusses substance dependency, psychoactive drug categories, and their psychological impacts. Learn how these elements intertwine with our mental processes and behaviors.

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Chapter 4: Consciousness

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  1. Chapter 4: Consciousness

  2. Learning Outcomes • Define consciousness. • Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.

  3. Learning Outcomes • Explain the natures and uses of hypnosis, meditation, and biofeedback in altering consciousness. • Define substance abuse and dependence, identify categories of psychoactive drugs and explain their allures and dangers.

  4. What is Consciousness?

  5. Consciousness • Sensory Awareness • Selective Attention • Cocktail Party Effect • Direct Inner Awareness

  6. Preconscious, Unconscious, Nonconscious • Preconscious • Not currently in awareness, but readily available

  7. Preconscious, Unconscious, Nonconscious • Unconscious • Unavailable to awareness under most circumstances • Repression • Suppression

  8. Preconscious, Unconscious, Nonconscious • Nonconscious • Bodily processes that can not be experienced through sensory awareness

  9. Altered States of Consciousness • Sleep • Meditation • Hypnotic trance • Distorted perceptions from mind-altering drugs

  10. Sleep and Dreams

  11. Biological and Circadian Rhythms • Circadian rhythm is a cycle that is connected with the 24-hour period of Earth’s rotation • Cycle of wakefulness and sleep

  12. The Stages of Sleep • Using EEG records, sleep stages are recorded by different brain waves • Nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep • First four stages of sleep • Stage 1 is lightest; Stage 4 is deepest • Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep

  13. The Stages of Sleep

  14. The Stages of Sleep • Stage 1 • Slow down from alpha waves to theta waves • Hypnagogic state may be experienced • Stage 2 • Appearance of sleep spindles • Stages 3 and 4 • Delta waves • Stage 4 is deepest stage of sleep

  15. The Stages of Sleep • REM sleep • Rapid eye movements • Paradoxical sleep • When awakened in REM sleep, 80% report dreams

  16. Typical Night of Sleep • Tend to undergo 5 cycles through the stages of sleep • First time in stage 4 sleep is usually the longest • Sleep becomes lighter as the night wears on • REM sleep becomes longer as night wears on • Last REM period may be about 30 minutes

  17. Sleep Cycles

  18. Functions of Sleep • Rejuvenates the body • Helps us recover from stress • Helps us consolidate learning • May promote development of infants’ brains

  19. Amount of Sleep • Amount of sleep needed may be partly genetically determined • Additional sleep is needed when you are under stress • As you age, you require less sleep

  20. Sleep, Learning and Memory • Individuals deprived of REM sleep • Learn more slowly • Forget what they have learned quicker • Show REM rebound

  21. Dreams • Imagery in the absence of external stimulation • Most vivid during REM sleep • May dream in color or black and white • Pleasant dream or nightmare

  22. Why Do We Dream What We Dream? • Memories of the day • Traumatic events – Nightmares • Reflections of unconscious desires – Freud

  23. Truth or Fiction? • We act out our forbidden fantasies in our dreams.

  24. Truth or Fiction? • We act out our forbidden fantasies in our dreams. • FICTION!

  25. Activation-Synthesis Model of Dreaming • Acetylcholine and the pons stimulate responses that lead to dreaming • Reticular formation stimulates parts of the cortex involved in memory • Cortex then synthesizes sources of stimulation into dreams • Most likely dream of recent events

  26. Truth or Fiction? • Insomnia can be caused by trying too hard to fall asleep.

  27. Truth or Fiction? • Insomnia can be caused by trying too hard to fall asleep. • TRUE!

  28. Sleep Disorders • Insomnia • Narcolepsy • Sleep paralysis • Sleep apnea

  29. Deep Sleep Disorders • Occur in stage 3 or 4 sleep • More common in children • Sleep Terrors • Bed-Wetting • Sleepwalking (Somnambulism)

  30. Truth or Fiction? • It is dangerous to awaken a sleepwalker.

  31. Truth or Fiction? • It is dangerous to awaken a sleepwalker. • FICTION!

  32. Altering Consciousness Through Hypnosis, Meditation, and Biofeedback

  33. Hypnosis • Altered state of consciousness in which people are suggestible and behave as though in a trance • Used in medical procedures, as an aid in coping • Hypnotic trance • Hypnotic suggestibility • People who are easily hypnotized

  34. Truth or Fiction? • You can be hypnotized against your will.

  35. Truth or Fiction? • You can be hypnotized against your will. • FICTION!

  36. Explaining Hypnosis • Role Theory • Response Set Theory

  37. Meditation • Focusing consciousness to alter relationship between the self and the environment • Transcendental Meditation (TM) • Concentrate on mantras • Relaxation response • Mindfulness Meditation (MM) • Focus on present versus ruminate on problems

  38. Truth or Fiction? • You can teach a rat to raise or lower its heart rate.

  39. Truth or Fiction? • You can teach a rat to raise or lower its heart rate. • TRUE!

  40. Biofeedback • A system that provides information about a bodily function in order to gain some control over it • Biofeedback training (BFT) • helps combat stress, tension and anxiety • Electromyograph (EMG) • Monitors muscle tension

  41. Altering ConsciousnessThrough Drugs

  42. Psychoactive Substances • Drugs that distort perceptions and change moods

  43. Substance Abuse and Dependence • Substance abuse is repeated use of a substance despite impaired functioning • Substance dependence is characterized by loss of control over use of the substance • Organize life around getting and using a substance • Tolerance • Abstinence syndrome

  44. Causes of Substance Abuse and Dependence • Experimentation • Recommendation or observation of others • Reinforcement by peers or positive effects • Self medication • Genetic predisposition toward physiological dependence

  45. Alcohol • Most abused drug • 10 to 20 million Americans are alcoholics • Half of all Americans use alcohol regularly • About 4 college students die each day from alcohol-related causes • Binge drinking

  46. Alcohol • Depressant • Slows activity of central nervous system • Effects • Lowers inhibitions • Impairs cognitive functioning and coordination

  47. Alcohol • Men more likely to become alcoholic than women • Alcohol has stronger effect on women • Asian and Asian American less likely than Europeans and European Americans to drink to excess • Asians more likely to show flushing response • Can lead to physiological dependence

  48. Opiates • Group of narcotics derived from the opium poppy • Laboratory produced opioids • Morphine, heroin, codeine, Demerol • Major application is pain relief • Provides a strong euphoric “rush” • Can lead to dependence

  49. Truth or Fiction? • Heroin was once used as a cure for addiction for morphine.

  50. Truth or Fiction? • Heroin was once used as a cure for addiction for morphine. • TRUE!

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