The Age of Enlightenment

1. The Age of Enlightenment Mrs. Short Hilliard Davidson High School World Studies

2. The Enlightenment • Enlightenment thinkers believed all institutions should follow natural laws to produce the ideal society. • The ideas of the Enlightenment influenced European architecture, art, music and literature. • Enlightenment ideas influenced politics and how Europe's’ individual nations were chiefly guided by the self-interest of their rulers. The American Revolution and the formation of the United States of America seemed to embody Enlightenment political ideals.

3. The Ideas of the EnlightenmentThe Philosophes philosophe – French for “philosopher” applied to all intellectuals during the Enlightenment natural laws  ideal society Isaac Newton influenced European architecture, art, music and literature

4. Social Contract social contract (abstraction) • voluntary agreement • why we have society • Thomas Hobbes (absolute monarchy) • John Locke (limited constitutional monarchy) • Jean-Jacques Rousseau (democracy) • general will, popular sovereignty, universal manhood suffrage How does the ‘social contract’ impact you today?

5. Charles de Montesquieu “Liberty is the right to do what the law permits.” • separation of powers • checks and balances • popularized word “feudalism” “The tyranny of a prince in an oligarchy is not so dangerous to the public welfare as the apathy of a citizen in a democracy.” “Useless laws weaken the necessary laws.” #America #Government

6. Charles-Louis de Seondat, the Baron de Montesquieu

7. Laissez-Faire Worksheet “Adam Smith and Laissez-Faire” • Adam Smith • Laissez-faire – the concept that the state should not impose government regulations, but should leave the economy alone

8. Voltaire • Parisian (from Paris) • deism – clockmaker • criticized the Church • strong belief in religious tolerance “Judge a man by his questions rather than his answers.”

9. Voltaire Quotes • “I do not agree with what you have to say, but I'll defend to the death your right to say it.” • “It is forbidden to kill; therefore all murderers are punished unless they kill in large numbers and to the sound of trumpets.” • “Common sense is not so common.” • “Each player must accept the cards life deals him or her: but once they are in hand, he or she alone must decide how to play the cards in order to win the game.”

10. Deism • Deism – an 18th century religious philosophy based on reason and natural law • Based on a Newtonian world machine • Championed by Voltaire

11. Diderot • Encyclopedia • used to attack religious superstition • “Man will never be free until the last king is strangled with the entrails of the last priest.” A SHORT Activity In groups, create a list of 5 items you wish you had discovered/invented that are in the encyclopedia today. Why these five?

12. ReasonandNatural Law • reason – the application of the scientific method to an understanding of all life • Natural law • Progress • Better society • hope • natural law - an ethical belief or system of beliefs supposed to be inherent in human nature and discoverable by reason rather than revelation (diminishes church power) First written about 100s of year before The Enlightenment DISCUSSION: Why do you think that these are the two most important concepts of the Enlightenment?

13. Enlightenment on the Role of Women Mary Wollstonecraft: • A Vindication of the Rights of Women • Pointed out hypocrisy of men: • Arbitrary (at one’s discretion; random) power of monarchs over MEN = wrong • Women should OBEY men = right

14. Enlightenment on the Arts • Literature • Literacy (the ability to read) increased • Realistic novels became popular • Architecture • Modeled on Italian Baroque style of 1500s • Palace of Louis XIV at Versailles (VER-SIGH) • Rococo art • Music • Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (classical music)

15. Rococo • rococo – an artistic style that replaced baroque in the 1730s; it was highly secular, emphasizing grace, charm and gentle action

16. Artistic Movements

17. Music • Classical Music • Joseph Haydn • The Creation (long. super long) • The Season • Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart • The Marriage of Figaro (5 min) • The Magic Flute • Don Giovanni

18. Enlightened Absolutism and the Balance of PowerLesson 3 • enlightened absolutism – a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers (absolute monarchy) • freedom  less freedom = PROBLEMS • failure (hot mess) Balance of Power 18thcentury philosophers believe that it was better for the nations to have similar amounts of power. DISCUSSION: Why do you think that they thought this was a good idea?

19. The American Revolution Back-story Glorious Revolution (1688) French and Indian War (1754-1763) 7 Years’ War (1756 and 1763) Treaty of Paris (1763) The American Revolution and the formation of the United States of America seemed to embody Enlightenment political ideals. Enlightenment = Cause Revolution = Effect

20. The Birth of a New NationNot the RACIST movie Birth of a Nation The American Revolution BeginsWe Win • The Constitution • The Bill of Rights • The Glorious Revolution (British Bill of Rights, 1688) • “No taxation without representation.”

21. Enlightenment Ideas and the Constitution DISUCSSION: Which contribution do you think is the most important? Why?

22. The Bill of Rights A SHORT Time to Ponder • What do you think about our Bill of Rights? What would the Enlightenment thinkers like and/or dislike about it?

23. Connections: Enlightenment Values and American Revolution