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End-Of Course Survey

End-Of Course Survey. Course Instructor Opinion Survey (CIOS). Thank a Teacher. Form. Thoughts on Papers. A+ = 98% A = 95% A- = 92% B+ = 88% B = 85% B- = 82% Etc. Thoughts on Papers. RTFG!. Read the Full Guidance!. If you can ’ t write ….

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End-Of Course Survey

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  1. End-Of Course Survey Course Instructor Opinion Survey (CIOS) Thank a Teacher Form

  2. Thoughts on Papers A+ = 98% A = 95% A- = 92% B+ = 88% B = 85% B- = 82% Etc.

  3. Thoughts on Papers RTFG! Read the Full Guidance! If you can’t write … and are offered the option of telegraphic format … TAKE IT! president Congress Capitalization:

  4. Vietnam: Peace With Honor

  5. Lesson Objectives • Understand the goals, provisions and consequences of President Nixon's Vietnamization policy. • Describe the efforts of President Nixon to change global strategic alignments and the implications of his initiatives. • Describe and analyze changes in the military situation in Vietnam from 1969 to 1973. • Describe and assess the impact of US political developments from 1969 through 1975.

  6. Major Issues What was Vietnamization? What was the impact of the Cambodian Incursion on the US domestic situation? • Specifically, how did Congress react to the Cambodian incursion? What was Lam Son 719? • How did Lam Son 719 reflect on the Vietnamization effort? What were the results of the Easter (Spring) Offensive of 1972? What action did the US take as a result of the Easter (Spring) Offensive of 1972? What was Linebacker II and what was its objective?

  7. Troop Levels

  8. Vietnam War Casualties

  9. Buildup In Vietnam Why was our buildup in Vietnam so slow? Vietnam: 1964 - 1968 Gulf War: Aug 1990 - Jan-Mar 1991 Gradual escalation? Fear of Soviet or Chinese intervention? Lack of infrastructure? Probably a little of each!

  10. Tet 68 for U.S Strategy of Revolutionary War 1954-1965: Phase I (guerrilla warfare) • 1961-1965: Heated Politburo debate on transition 1965-1967: Phase II (guerrilla & conventional warfare) • Increased large unit actions (Ia Drang, Khe Sanh) 1968 (early): Phase III (Tet Offensive) (conventional warfare) • Military disaster (VC destroyed) • “General Uprising” did not occur • Strategic victory for the Communists none the less Tactical Victory , Strategic Defeat

  11. Richard M. Nixon January 20, 1969

  12. Vietnamization During 1968 presidential campaign, Nixon pledged to have a secret plan for ending the Vietnam War Initiated a plan to increase the size and effectiveness of South Vietnamese forces while drawing down size of US military role in that country.

  13. Vietnamization President Nixon gave major speech on Vietnamization policy November 3, 1969 Text Video 32:24 Silent Majority Vietnamization begins 14:00

  14. Troop Levels

  15. Vietnam War Casualties

  16. Vietnam War Casualties

  17. Cambodian Incursion 29 April - 22 July 1970

  18. Cambodian Incursion 29 April - 22 July 1970 Results: Casualties: ARVN: 809 KIA US: 338 KIA NVA: 12,000+ KIA (estimated) Huge stocks of NVA weapons, ammo, food captured US Domestic: Widespread protest in US, particularly on college campuses Congress took first action to limit US involvement in SEA • Cooper-Church Amendment

  19. Kent State Massacre May 4, 1970 ( 1:18 )

  20. Congress and the War Use of Budget to Restrict Operations in SEA Cooper-Church Amendment (1970) • Sponsored by Sen. John Cooper (R-KY) & Sen. Frank Church (S-ID) • Reaction to US-led invasion of Cambodia (April 1970) • Prohibited use of US troops in Cambodia after June 30, 1970 • Approved by Senate 58-37 on June 30, 1970, after troops US withdrew • House approved watered-down version December 1970 Significance: First time Congress had restricted the deployment of US troops in wartime

  21. Review US Strategy in Vietnam JCS Proposal 1965 • Build a Korean-war style defensive line across DMZ • Conduct operations into Laos to permanently cut supply lines (Ho Chi Minh Trail) • Proposed by Westmoreland in 1967, again in 1968 • Never approved or rejected by LBJ, SecDef Summers In 1971, President Nixon approved the plan

  22. Ho Chi Minh Trail

  23. Lam Son 719 8 February - 25 March 1971 Attempt to cut Ho Chi Minh Trail Before one draws any comparisons between the Laos operations and airmobile operations conducted by the U. S. Army, it must be realized that LAMSON 719 was a very special operation in which strict rules governed U. S. military operations across the Laotian border. While the Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces could operate freely on the ground and in the air within Laos, U. S. Forces were restricted to air operations under specific rules of engagement and were prohibited from fighting on the ground. Lieutenant General John J. Tolson, USA Airmobility 1961-1971, p. 236 Vietnam Studies series, CMH Pub 90-4 Washington: Department of the Army, 1989

  24. Lam Son 719 Logistics

  25. Lam Son 719 8 February - 25 March 1971 Objective: Tchepone & Base Area 604 Concept of Operations: US provided: • logistic support to border, • air support in Laos

  26. Lam Son 719 8 February - 25 March 1971 Results: Casualties: ARVN: 1,500-3,500 KIA * US: 215 KIA NVA: 2,000 KIA (estimated) Some NVA weapons, ammo, food captured ARVN did not perform well in face of stiff NVA resistance • Poor planning and execution by ARVN leadership Generally regarded as indicating a failure of Vietnamization * ARVN reports vary

  27. Update on Vietnam Address - April 1971 Part 2 - 10:39

  28. Easter (Spring) Offensive March 30 - October 22, 1972

  29. Easter (Spring) Offensive March 30 - October 22, 1972

  30. Easter (Spring) Offensive March 30 - October 22, 1972 Major conventional invasion on three fronts: • West of Saigon • Central Highlands • Across DMZ ARVN performed reasonably well with US air support DRV gained valuable space inside RVN for future offensives • Also gained bargaining chip in negotiations Nixon initiated Operation Linebacker (May 9 - October 23, 1972) • Bombing of North Vietnamese logistics targets Nixon began planning for Linebacker II • Sustained bombing of North Vietnamese strategic targets

  31. Paris Peace Accords January 23, 1973 Henry Kissinger (left) and Le Duc Tho initial agreement

  32. Paris Peace Accords January 23, 1973 Major Provisions: US troops would leave Vietnam by 1973 North Vietnamese troops would remain in South South Vietnamese government would remain

  33. Congress and the War Use of Budget to Restrict Operations in SEA Case-Church Amendment (1973) • After Paris Peace Accords (Jan 1973), Nixon hinted at US intervention if North Vietnam attacked South • Introduced by Senators Clifford Case (R‐NJ) & Frank Church (D‐ID) • Prohibited U.S. military activity in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia after August 15, 1973 without Congressional approval. • Passed by Senate 64-26, House 278-124 (June 1973) Significance: Essentially ended US military activity in Southeast Asia

  34. Nixon Resigns August 9, 1974 President Gerald Ford

  35. US Drawdown ( 58:19 )

  36. Final Offensive DRV planned final offensive for 1976

  37. Probing Attacks

  38. Final Offensive DRV planned final offensive for 1976 Encouraged, DVR ordered additional probes in 1975

  39. The Final Days - 1975

  40. Final Offensive DRV planned final offensive for 1976 Encouraged, DVR ordered additional probes in 1975 DRV politburo again astonished by speed of success • Ordered push to Pleiku and on to coast RVN President Thieu ordered strategic retreat • Gave up northern provinces to protect Saigon and south ARVN retreat turned into a rout

  41. The Final Days - 1975 Hué Fell March 25 Da Nang Fell March 30 Pleiku Abandoned March 16 II Corps Fell April 2

  42. Last Flight From Danang March 29, 1975 ( 4:59 )

  43. US Evacuation of Saigon Contingency plans always existed for evacuation of US citizens • Also included “At risk” Vietnamese citizens • • “At Risk” = US employees and agents Early plans had identified: • 8,000 US and third country citizens for evacuation • Number of potential South Vietnamese evacuees never determined • • Estimate: 17,000 US employee + 6 family members = > ~120,000 evacuees • • Later estimates went as high as 200,000! Late March 1975: Evacuations by commercial aircraft began • Last fixed-wing transport (C-130) left Tan San Nhut airport 29 April

  44. Operation Frequent Wind April 29-30, 1975 Final helicopter evacuation of US citizens and others Pickup points at Tan San Nhut airport and US Embassy US Marine helicopters operated from off-shore ships • USAF helicopters from Thailand shuttled to ships • Air America (CIA-run airline) also committed 24 helicopters

  45. Operation Frequent Wind April 29-30, 1975 Helicopter operations from Saigon progressed smoothly

  46. Operation Frequent Wind April 29-30, 1975 April 30, 1975 - 7:53 AM Last US Marine helicopter lifted off the roof of the US Embassy

  47. Evacuation of Saigon Iconic image: “Evacuation from the U.S. Embassy roof”

  48. U.S. Embassy - Saigon 1972

  49. Evacuation of Saigon Pittman Apartment building used by CIA staff (top of elevator shaft - not a heliport) Story

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