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Jorge Luis Méndez-Martínez, Graduate Student, Higher School of Economics

On what there is not, fictional objects and nonexistent things, a problem for ontology or for philosophy of language?. Jorge Luis Méndez-Martínez, Graduate Student, Higher School of Economics Formal Philosophy, 15-March-2017, Moscow.

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Jorge Luis Méndez-Martínez, Graduate Student, Higher School of Economics

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  1. On what there is not, fictional objects and nonexistent things,a problem for ontology or for philosophy of language? Jorge Luis Méndez-Martínez, Graduate Student, Higher School of Economics Formal Philosophy, 15-March-2017, Moscow

  2. "How, then, can any one put any faith in me? For now, as always, I am unequal to the refutation of not−being. And therefore, as I was saying, do not look to me for the right way of speaking about not−being”. 

  3. Example sentences • A pikachú is an electric pokemon • Clark Kent is Superman • Cheburaska is fluffy • Sherlock Holmes lives in Baker Street • Kalashnikov does not exist anymore • The daughter of Wittgenstein is smarter than her father • The present King of France is bald

  4. Example sentences • A pikachú is an electric pokemon • Clark Kent is Superman • Cheburaska is fluffy • Sherlock Holmes lives in Baker Street • Kalashnikov does not exist anymore • The daughter of Wittgenstein is smarter than her father • The present King of France is bald

  5. Example sentences • A pikachú is an electric pokemon • Clark Kent is Superman • Cheburaska is fluffy • Sherlock Holmes lives in Baker Street • Kalashnikov does not exist anymore • The daughter of Wittgenstein is smarter than her father • The present King of France is bald

  6. Example sentences • A pikachú is an electric pokemon • Clark Kent is Superman • Cheburashkais fluffy • Sherlock Holmes lives in Baker Street • Kalashnikov does not exist anymore • The daughter of Wittgenstein is smarter than her father • The present King of France is bald

  7. Example sentences • A pikachú is an electric pokemon • Clark Kent is Superman • Cheburaska is fluffy • Sherlock Holmes lives in Baker Street • Kalashnikov does not exist anymore • The daughter of Wittgenstein is smarter than her father • The present King of France is bald

  8. Example sentences • A pikachú is an electric pokemon • Clark Kent is Superman • Cheburaska is fluffy • Sherlock Holmes lives in Baker Street • Kalashnikov does not exist anymore • The daughter of Wittgenstein is smarter than her father • The present King of France is bald

  9. Example sentences • A pikachú is an electric pokemon • Clark Kent is Superman • Cheburaska is fluffy • Sherlock Holmes lives in Baker Street • Kalashnikov does not exist anymore • The daughter of Wittgenstein is smarter than her father • The present King of France is bald

  10. Example sentences • A pikachú is an electric pokemon • Clark Kent is Superman • Cheburaska is fluffy • Sherlock Holmes lives in Baker Street • Kalashnikov does not exist anymore • The daughter of Wittgenstein is smarter than her father • The present King of France is bald

  11. Examplesentences • 8. Ned Stark was proclaimed the King of Westeros • 9. The round square is red • 10. Nessie does not exist • 11. Vulcan is more than 1000 miles in diameter • 12. Napoleon is angry • 13. Bernie Sanders is the president of the United States

  12. Examplesentences • 8. Ned Stark was proclaimed the King of Westeros • 9. The round square is red • 10. Nessie does not exist • 11. Vulcan is more than 1000 miles in diameter • 12. Napoleon is angry • 13. Bernie Sanders is the president of the United States

  13. Examplesentences • 8. Ned Stark was proclaimed the King of Westeros • 9. The round square is red • 10. Nessie does not exist • 11. Vulcan is more than 1000 miles in diameter • 12. Napoleon is angry • 13. Bernie Sanders is the president of the United States

  14. Examplesentences • 8. Ned Stark was proclaimed the King of Westeros • 9. The round square is red • 10. Nessie does not exist • 11. Vulcan is more than 1000 miles in diameter • 12. Napoleon is angry • 13. Bernie Sanders is the president of the United States

  15. Examplesentences • 8. Ned Stark was proclaimed the King of Westeros • 9. The round square is red • 10. Nessie does not exist • 11. Vulcan is more than 1000 miles in diameter • 12. Napoleon is angry • 13. Bernie Sanders is the president of the United States

  16. Examplesentences • 8. Ned Stark was proclaimed the King of Westeros • 9. The round square is red • 10. Nessie does not exist • 11. Vulcan is more than 1000 miles in diameter • 12. Napoleon is angry • 13. Bernie Sanders is the president of the United States

  17. Examplesentences • 8. Ned Stark was proclaimed the King of Westeros • 9. The round square is red • 10. Nessie does not exist • 11. Vulcan is more than 1000 miles in diameter • 12. Napoleon is angry • 13. Bernie Sanders is the president of the United States

  18. Examplesentences • A pikachú is an electric pokemon • Clark Kent is Superman • Cheburaska is fluffy • Sherlock Holmes lives in Baker Street • Kalashnikov does not exist anymore • The daughter of Wittgenstein is smarter than her father • The present King of France is bald 8. Ned Stark was proclaimed the King of Westeros 9. The round square is red 10. Nessie does not exist 11. Vulcan is more than 1000 miles in diameter 12. Napoleon is angry 13. Bernie Sanders is the president of the United States

  19. Proposed categories • Actual, contingent and evidently existent objects (“Bernie Sanders”) • Impossible objects (“the round square”) • Possible unactualized objects or possibilia (“Wittgenstein’s daughter”) • Past objects that do not exist anymore (“Napoleon”, “Kalashnikov”, “King of France”) • Objects whose existence are or was unto debate (“Vulcan”) • Abstract mathematical objects • Robust fictional objects (“Cheburashka”, “Superman”, “Sherlock Holmes”)

  20. Two options • Philosophy of language, logic OR Ontology of fiction

  21. DescriptivistSolutions

  22. Contradictions in “The Present King of France” • “The present King of France is bald” is false. Contradiction? • “The present King of France is not bald” is false. • “It is not true that the present King of France is bald” is true. Contradiction? • “It is not true that the present King of France is not bald” is true.

  23. Famous Russell’s formula -x (Fx & (y) Fyx= y) & Gx)

  24. Consequences of the analysis • Not a problem of FO or NEO, but Empty Names • There is no sense to talk about the property of existence • Movement towards descriptions • Erasure of FO

  25. Referentialmodalities

  26. Consequences • Attackondescriptivism: the modal argument • Rigidconnectionbetweentheobject and name • Unactualizedpossibilia? • A namename: ‘thoushaltrefer’ • Theproblem of theunicorn

  27. Modal considerations • Existence as spatiotemporalactuality (Salmon) • FO are notpossibilia • Fictionality in possibleworlds

  28. A matter of logic • “Accordingtothestory” strategy • Existence as a predicable property: E! • Modelswith a domainD, and interpretativefunctionI, whichinclude NEO

  29. Examplemodel • D = <d, c, o, l>, dragon (d), crocodile (c ), orc, (o), lori (l) • I: F, “breathesfire”, S, “has scales”, P “has a primate-likeanatomy”, M “lives in Mordor”

  30. Problems and consequences • Intransitivity: real worldpredicates • Introduction of otheroperators: temporal objects, futureobjects; and modal features.

  31. Free logicframes • Positive free logic, close to Lambert (another key figure), where there are true sentences based on principles such as that of identity, like “Vulcan = Vulcan”. • Fregean free logic: where the failure in referring is just an indeterminacy. • The Negative Free logic (NFL), which is the view endorsed by Sainsbury.

  32. RWR and NFL 1. There are singular referring expressions, and plural ones. 2. There are simple referring expressions and complex ones. 3. Some intelligible referring expressions have no referents. 4. A referring expression without a referent may occur in truth. 5. Semantic theory is governed by NFL. 6. Reference is an absolute relation, and is not world-relative. Ergo, there is not room for modalities. 7.Referring expressions are rigid designators. 8. If a singular referring expression refers to x and y, then x = y

  33. Anontologicalproblem

  34. FO are not nonexistent (FO  NEO). • Thomasson artefactual theory: FO are abstractartefacts • FO are existentialdependent • Twodependencies: 1. Literaryworks (partially material, dependence); 2. Mental acts of authors (primarydependence) • CategoryOntology • AuthorialIssues

  35. FO are not nonexistent (FO  NEO). • Thomasson artefactual theory: FO are abstractartefacts • FO are existentialdependent • Twodependencies: 1. Literaryworks (partially material, dependence); 2. Mental acts of authors (primarydependence) • CategoryOntology • AuthorialIssues

  36. Dependenceentailment RCD  RHD  RD  GCD  GHD  GD

  37. “I can catch a Pikachu” • FO thatexist in a spatiotemporal actual manner, are they FO? • Whatistheirconnectionwitholdpokemon? • Howtounderstandtheauthorialdependencehere? • Social communicativechain

  38. Спасибо!

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