1 / 86

Globalisation & Multiculturalism: The Australian Experience

Globalisation & Multiculturalism: The Australian Experience. Griffith University Southbank 15 September, 2010 Dr Paul Williams. Guiding Questions. What is ‘Globalisation’? How did Australia become ‘globalised’? How has Australia economically integrated with the world?

orli
Download Presentation

Globalisation & Multiculturalism: The Australian Experience

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Globalisation &Multiculturalism:The Australian Experience Griffith University Southbank 15 September, 2010 Dr Paul Williams

  2. Guiding Questions • What is ‘Globalisation’? • How did Australia become ‘globalised’? • How has Australia economically integrated with the world? • What is multiculturalism? • How did Australia become ‘multicultural’? • What are Australia’s migration patterns?

  3. Part One Globalisation

  4. Defining ‘Globalisation’ • Defies easy definition Two common uses: • A “thing” in itself (an ‘outcome’) • An explanation of change (a ‘process’)

  5. Defining ‘Globalisation’ • “A process in which the economic, political & cultural separation between nations is breaking down & an international order is emerging” (Smith, Vromen & Cook 2006).

  6. Defining ‘Globalisation’ • “A process occurring in the economic, political & social realms which is the result of the dismantling of fixed boundaries around nations, cultures and economies” (Ryan et al. 1999). • What’s common in these definitions?

  7. Globalisation covers… • Economic (trade, transnational corporations [TNCs]) • Technological (communication, transport) • Media (diversity, reach) • Migratory (business, tourism, politics) • Cultural (export of ideas, beliefs, fashions) • Legal (international treaties, bodies)

  8. When did Globalisation begin? • Many assume it began in the 1980s & 1990s, but it’s as old as imperialism, trade & colonialism • i.e. a process begun hundreds of years ago!

  9. Imperialism / Colonialism • Late 1700s – early 1900s: apex • European demand for ‘foreign’ goods • Europe’s “scramble for colonies” • British, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, German, French colonise… • Africa, Asia, South America, Pacific • One cause of World War One (1914-1918)

  10. Technological Globalisation – connecting Australia to the world • Early 1800s - Steam ships • 1872 - Australia linked by telegraph line to Java (capital could be moved in matter of hours, not days or weeks) • 1900s – telephones • 1910s – cinema • 1920s – propeller aircraft • 1930s – radio • 1950s – television • 1960s – jet aircraft • 1970s – fax machines • 1990s – internet • 2000+ - 2.0 web communications

  11. Political & Cultural Globalisation for Australia • Open migration pre-1900 • 1914-1918 – WW1 (League of Nations) [failed] • 1939-1945 – WW2 (United Nations) • 1940s on – mass migration from Europe • 1960s on – flood of US popular culture • 1966-72 – end of White Australia Policy • 1970s – migration from Asia • 2000s – migration from Africa

  12. Some Global Economic Instruments • 1944 est. International Monetary Fund (IMF) & World Bank • 1947 - 1995: GATT – negotiator of lower tariffs; various ‘rounds’

  13. WTO • World Trade Organisation (WTO) – est. 1995 – successor to GATT • deals with rules of trade between nations • Goal - to help producers of goods & services, exporters & importers conduct their business • Australia plays by WTO rules

  14. WTO

  15. The problem with trade assistance…

  16. World Bank • Est. 1944 • Source of financial & technical assistance to developing countries • Comprised of over 180 member countries

  17. IMF • International Monetary Fund (IMF) est. 1944 • More than 180 members • Promotes international monetary cooperation & exchange stability • Provides temporary financial assistance to countries with balance of payments problems

  18. Dissent Both the World Bank and IMF – as symbols of globalisation & capitalism – are objects for dissent and protest

  19. Post-war global economic developments • 1950s – postwar reconstruction • 1960s – GATT moves to freer trade • 1971 – end of Bretton Woods agreement • Early 1970s – oil shocks (quadruple crude oil costs) • Ushers in new economic thinking in West (incl. Australia)

  20. Economic Globalisation for Australia • 1901–1970s - Australia’s trade & agriculture ‘protected’ i.e. high tariffs, subsidies, quotas • Early 1970s – oil shocks (quadruple crude oil costs – ‘stagflation’) • New economic problems require new economic thinking

  21. Economic Globalisation for Australia • 1979 – Margaret Thatcher (UK) • 1981 – Ronald Reagan (US) • 1983 – Hawke / Keating (Aust.) • End of ‘Keynesian’ economics • Rebirth of ‘supply-side’ economics

  22. Economic changes in Australia since 1980s… • In theory, smaller government (in practice, still a welfare state) • Lower income taxes • Lower public spending • Currency deregulation (1983) • Deregulated labour market • Reduction of tariffs • Increased foreign investment • Sale of public-owned businesses e.g. Qantas, Telstra, Commonwealth Bank • i.e. a ‘freer’ economy, BUT… • Some say GFC inevitable outcome of globalisation

  23. Australia & the Global Financial Crisis • Collapse of Lehmann Bros Sept. 08 • Grim forecasts for Australia • Rudd’s anti-neo-liberal essay • Rudd Government pre-empts stalled demand: • Dec 2008 – 1st ‘stimulus package’ = $10.4bn (lump sum payments to seniors, families; $ for auto industry, local councils)

  24. Australia & the Global Financial Crisis • Feb 09 – 2nd ‘stimulus package’ = $42bn (lump sum payments to most taxpayers up to $950; $26bn for infrastructure esp. schools (BER); $2.7bn for small business) • OECD says these packages lowered Australian unemployment by 2 % • Similar ‘bailouts’ in UK, US & Europe • Is this the end of neo-liberalism & a new era of ‘big government’?

  25. Globalisation creates winners & losers Winners include… • Highly skilled white-collar workers in finance & IT industries Losers include… • Farmers, lower skilled blue-collar workers in manufacturing industries

  26. Growth in Australian Finance Industry

  27. Winners & Losers…

  28. Winners & Losers

  29. Global winners…one analysis • Recent per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of developing nations • China: 11.1 % p.a. • India: 9.7 % • Philippines: 7.5 % • Malaysia: 5.4 % • Turkey: 5.2 %

  30. Global losers…another analysis • North-South divide grows (gap between rich & poor nations) • 1960 - top 20 % in the world had income x 30 that of bottom 20 % • 1970 - 32 times • 1980 - 45 times • 1989 - 59 times • 2010 - 74 times (some dispute this gap)

  31. Global losers… • The richest 1 per cent of people in the world receive as much as the bottom 57 percent • i.e. < 50 million richest receive as much as 2.7 billion poor (Milanovic 2002, p.50)

  32. The ‘North-South Divide’(or ‘Development Gap’)

  33. The Global Income Gap Green = High; Yellow = Mid; Red = Low

  34. The Global Digital Divide

  35. The Energy Divide (GHGs & Climate Change challenges)

  36. Anti-globalisation movements • Protest at Group of Eight (G8) meetings • Anti-IMF; anti-World Bank • Pro-debt cancellation • Major protests at Madrid (1994); Seattle (N30 1999); Genoa (2001); Edinburgh (2005)

  37. Protests…

  38. Protests…

  39. Protests…

  40. Australia’s trade patterns… • 1788-1901: colonies trade with UK • 1901-1945: trade mostly with U.K • 1945 - present: mostly with US, Asia & EU

  41. Australia’s trade patterns… • Heavy reliance upon primary products • 1901 - 50: Agriculture • 1950s - present: Minerals • 1945 – early 1970s: high international demand for Australian products esp. wool, wheat, coal; iron ore • 1980s – on: reduction in tariffs

  42. Tariff reduction… • Until 2005: Cars - 15% tariff • From 2005: Cars - 10% • 2003-2013: TCF: 5 % to 17.5%

  43. Australia’s biggest trading partners… • EU (incl. UK) • USA • Japan • China & Hong Kong • Taiwan • South Korea • Singapore • Malaysia • India • Thailand

  44. What does Australia import? • Food – $5 bn • Fuels – $10 bn • Manufactured goods – $16 bn • Machinery & vehicles – $60 bn

  45. What does Australia export? • Food ($18 bn) • Fuels ($20 bn) • Manufactured goods ($11 bn) • Machinery & vehicles ($12 bn) • Trade deficits

  46. Australia’s biggest exports… • Coal • Tourism • Iron-ore • Education

  47. Foreign Investment in Australia • Today, about 30% foreign-owned equity in Australia • 1% of all firms (or 8,000) foreign-owned • Employ 750,000 people • Add $78 billion to economy • Esp. important to mining • Monitored by Foreign Investment Review Board (FIRB), over which Treasurer has veto power

  48. Foreign Investment…

  49. Current or coming Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) Australia's Free Trade Agreements • Singapore - Australia • Thailand - Australia • Australia - United States • Australia New Zealand • Australia-Chile

  50. Key foreign investors… • US (half of all foreign businesses) • UK (make more profits than US firms) • Also New Zealand, South Africa, Hong Kong, Germany & Japan

More Related