The Civil War 1861-1865

1. The Civil War1861-1865 Mr. Owens

2. Essential Questions • What factors contributed to the Union victory over the Confederacy in the Civil War? • What economic effects did the Civil War have on the North and the South? • What were the effects of the Emancipation Proclamation and how did it contribute to the Union victory in the Civil War?

3. The War Begins • Lincoln Inaugurated March, 1861 • Fort Sumter: surrounded, Lincoln decides to send supplies, attack April 12, 1861, Charleston S.C., Civil War Begins • Lincoln’s use of executive power: w/out Congress (out of session) • Called for 75,000 volunteers • Authorized war spending • Suspended writ of habeas corpus • Secession of Upper South: VA, AK, NC, TN moved capital to Richmond, VA (people of W. VA stayed loyal & became own state in 1863) • Border States: DE, MD, MO, & KY slave states that all remained in Union – significance?

4. Advantages & Disadvantages

5. Lincoln’s Generals Winfield Scott Joseph Hooker Ulysses S. Grant Irwin McDowell George McClellan George Meade Ambrose Burnside George McClellan,Again!

6. The Confederate Generals “Stonewall” Jackson Nathan Bedford Forrest George Pickett Jeb Stuart James Longstreet Robert E. Lee

7. First Years: 1861-1862“On to Richmond!” • 1stBull Run (July 1861) Stonewall Jackson led Rebel victory: ended hope of easy war, Rebel invincibility myth • Union Strategy: Gen. Scott – 1. Anaconda Plan to blockade ports 2. Control Mississippi River 3. Raise army of 500,000 to take Richmond • Peninsula Campaign: Gen. George McClellan failed due to inactivity 2nd Bull Run: Lee victory – fear of losing D.C. • Antietam (Sep. 1862): Single bloodiest day of the war 23,000 casualties but Union “victory” – Lincoln fires McClellan, “He has a bad case of the slows” - Abe • Fredericksburg (Dec. 1862): Ambrose Burnside led reckless attack loss of 12,000 Union to 5,000 Rebel casualties • Monitor vs. Merrimac: draw between “ironclads” – revolutionizes naval warfare • Grant & the West: U.S. Grant takes part of Mississippi, & despite bloody defeat at Shiloh, capture of New Orleans (April 1862) US Navy led by David Farragut “Damn the torpedoes – full speed ahead!

8. Foreign Affairs & Diplomacy • “Cotton Diplomacy” Confederates believed they could force an alliance with Britain & France • Trent Affair: Union warship seized British Trent took Confederate diplomats James Mason & John Slidell as POWs, Lincoln released them • Confederate Raiders: purchased warships from British, the Alabama captured over 60 Union merchant vessels • Failure of “Cotton Diplomacy”: Britain turned instead to Egypt & India for cotton – Antietam & Emancipation Proclamation significant

9. End of Slavery • Lincoln’s concerns: 1. Border States 2. Slavery in the Constitution 3. Racial prejudice in North 4. Impact on 1864 Election • Confiscation Acts: slaves as “contraband” property could be legally seized from Rebels • Emancipation Proclamation: Sep 22, 1862 preliminary, official Jan 1, 1863 slaves in all states still in rebellion will be “then, thenceforward, and forever free” • Consequences: immediately freed few slaves, but gave moral purpose to the war, led to increased runaways, use of former slaves as soldiers • 13th Amendment – official end to slavery - Lincoln played active role in convincing Congress to pass – ratified by states by Dec. 1865 • Freedmen in War: almost 200,000 blacks served in segregated regiments in “Army of Freedom” • MA 54th Regiment – most decorated

10. Union Victory 1863-1865 • Turning Points: • Vicksburg: Grant victory on July 4th gain control of Mississippi River & cut off TX, LA & AK from Confederacy • Gettysburg: Lee defeated in bloodiest battle (more than 50,000 casualties) Lee forced to retreat • Grant in Command: Early 1864 “war of attrition” by wearing down army & destroying supply lines • Sherman’s March to the Sea: General William Tecumseh Sherman led force of 100,000 men through TN, GA, & SC using “total war” – captured & burned Atlanta Sep. 1964, seized Savannah in Dec, & Colombia SC by Feb 1865 • Election of 1864: Lincoln (Andrew Johnson as VP of TN) defeats McClellan (Dem) 212 to 21 • Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, VA April 9, 1865 • Assassination of Lincoln: April 14 John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theater - conspiracy

11. Political Change • National Politics: • Republican Congress split between Radicals (immediate emancipation) & moderates (Free-Soilers) • Democrats in North supported war but were critical of Lincoln, Peace Democrats or Copperheads Clement Vallandigham arrested and deported • Civil Liberties: • 13,000 arrested under martial law for aiding the enemy & held without trial (no habeas corpus) • Ignored Supreme Court Ex Parte Merryman 1862 (Taney who died in 1864) • The Draft: Conscription Act – March 1863 all men aged 20-45 had to register, but could find a substitute or paying $300 fee • New York Draft Riots – July 1863 (at least 117 killed) largest urban riot • Dominance of the North: • Federal Supremacy over states (end of nullification & secession) • Abolition & Expansion of Democracy

12. Economic Change • Financing the War: • Union borrowed $2.6 in bonds • Taxes: Morrill Tariff of 1681, excise taxes, income tax • Issued $430 million in Greenbacks – paper currency – 80% inflation during war • New National banking system • Modernizing the North: industrialization & mass production, stagnant wages & profiteering • Promoting Economic Expansion: • Morrill Tariff Act of 1861 – protective tariff • The Homestead Act of 1862 – 160 acres in Great Plains • Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862 – funding agricultural & technical colleges • Pacific Railway Act of 1862 – transcontinental railroad to California • Devastation of the South – hyperinflation & food riots during war & end of slave-plantation economy – sharecropping & tenant farming

13. Social Change • Women: • Had to take over work of fighting and dead husbands, fathers, sons – later encouraged push for suffrage & rights • Many women volunteered as nurses & soldier’s aid societies - Clara Barton later founded American Red Cross – opened occupation to gender • African-Americans: • End of slavery = 4 million “freed men” & “freed women” (3.5 new) • Tragic loss of life: approx. 750,000 lost lives & a culture of death & faith