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Understanding Volcanoes: A Comprehensive Guide

Explore volcanic settings, plate tectonics, magma generation, and different types of volcanoes around the world. Learn about volcanic activity, viscosity, chemistry of magma, and terms like caldera and hot spot. Discover volcano types such as cinder cones, shields, and composite cones, and understand the impact of crust type on eruptions. Watch videos on basaltic lava types and pyroclastic flows for a visual understanding.

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Understanding Volcanoes: A Comprehensive Guide

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  1. VolcanoesThese notes go on p. 11 of your inb!!!

  2. Volcanic Settings (Plate Boundaries) Ocean-Continent Convergence Ocean-Ocean Convergence CONTINENTAL divergence Ocean Divergence

  3. Major Volcanoes Around the World

  4. “RING OF FIRE”:Area surrounding the pacific plate where the most volcanoes & earthquakes occur

  5. Plate Tectonics and Magma Generation

  6. Viscosity Chemistry of Magma Gases within the magma Water content of magma PARAMETERS OF VOLCANISM

  7. Active Volcanoes: recent eruptions, active magma source • Mt. Etna, Italy • Dormant Volcanoes: no recent eruptions, but still has an active source of magma • Mt. St. Helens, USA • Extinct Volcanoes: no recent eruptions, no source of magma • Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Volcanic activity

  8. Viscosity- the resistance of lava to flow • Ex: The more viscous the lava, the thicker and stickier the material & the harder it is to flow (honey vs. water) TERMS TO KNOW: • depends on the amount of silica • the type of crust being melted determines the amount of silica!

  9. Caldera: large crater shaped basin that forms when the top of a volcano collapses Terms to know:

  10. Formation of Crater Lake

  11. Kaui Oahu Molokai Lanai Maui Hawaii Terms to know: • Hot Spot- random upwelling of magma NOT associated with convection in the mantle • create a special type of volcanism not associated with plate boundaries • Ex: Hawaii, Yellowstone & Iceland

  12. Tectonic Settings and Volcanic Activity

  13. Cinder Cone 1. Cinder Cones: explosive eruptions, small but steep slopes, pyroclastics 3 types of volcanic cones:

  14. Volcano Types

  15. 2. Shield: non-explosive eruptions, fluid basaltic lava, gentle broad slopes 3 types of volcanic cones:

  16. Volcano Types

  17. 3. Composite Cones/Stratovolcanoes: alternating between lava and pyroclastics, explosive and non-explosive eruptions, very steep/tall 3 types of volcanic cones:

  18. Volcano Types

  19. Depends on type of crust melted • Oceanic Crust- quiet, effusive eruptions • Volcano type- shield, fissure, mid-ocean ridges • Magma type- mafic & ultramafic • Continental Crust or ocean/cont. mixed- explosive eruptions, pyroclastic flows, calderas, aerial bombs • Volcano type- stratovolcanoes& cinder cones • Magma type- felsic Type of eruptions

  20. Pillow Basalts (underwater) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DdIUuUY0L9c • AA lava- jagged lava • Pahoehoe- ropey, smooth lava C Basaltic Lava Types

  21. searing superheated gas and volcanic ash & dust; very fast Also called “NueeArdente” C PYROCLASTIC FLOWS http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-H_HZVY1tT4 Mt. St. Helens Eruption http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WxlRpuTed6g Pyroclastic Flow

  22. Debris Avalanche and Eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington

  23. Draw an exaggerated, cartoon form of a type of volcano • Cinder • Shield (Dome) • Composite • Write a 5-6 sentence summary about it’s “personality.” Must include type of eruption, type of lava, size/shape, and location. Volcano CarIcAtures

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