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Optimizing Pig Health: Practical Approaches and Management Strategies

This text delves into the comprehensive management of pig health, covering biosecurity measures, disease prevention, sanitation practices, vaccination protocols, and more. Key topics include pig disease categories, biosecurity rules, sanitation guidelines, and major production diseases. Learn about keeping diseases at bay, maintaining herd health, and implementing effective disease control strategies to ensure the well-being of your pig population.

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Optimizing Pig Health: Practical Approaches and Management Strategies

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  1. Management of Pig Health John J. McGlone, Ph.D. Pork Industry Institute Texas Tech University

  2. Approaches to Ensure Pig Health • Biosecurity – keep diseases out • In-coming breeding stock • Wildlife (rodents, birds) • Feeds and biologicals • Disease Prevention • All-in-all-out & pig flow (breaks cycle) • Sanitation -- kill pathogens • Vaccination • Sub-therapeutic antimicrobials • Therapy

  3. Biosecurity • Rule #1 put as much distance as possible between your pigs and other pigs • Rule #2 isolate, test and acclimate in-coming breeding stock – do not allow entry if infected • Rule #3 Control flow of people, pigs, feed and equipment

  4. Sanitation • The pathogen cycle • Clean, new facility • Pigs shed bacteria • Room cleaned 99% • Pathogens build-up over time • Effective sanitation (see book Table 20-1) • Remove all organic matter • Sanitize at a minimum (killing 99% of bacteria)

  5. Heard Health Program • Veterinary-approved • Disease surveillance • Necropsy ill pigs • Blood collection • Fecal, urine, skin scrapings collections • Slaughter check • Liver • Lungs • Snout • Intestine • Skin • Kidney

  6. Heard Health Program • Euthanaisa • Blunt trauma for piglets • CO2 for piglets, too • Penetrating captive bolt for larger pigs • Vaccinations • Antimicrobials

  7. Giving injections

  8. Injections

  9. Pig Disease Categories • Diseases we do not want to get (that we know about) • Diseases that are regulated by the US government with an eye towards eradication • Other diseases to manage 2

  10. Pig diseases we do not want (by exotic disease entry or by bioterrorism) • Hog Cholera • Hoof and Mouth • African Swine Fever 3

  11. Hog Cholera • Classic Swine Fever • Viral; single stand of RNA • Family: Togaviridae, Genus: Pestivirus • Same family as BVD • USA eradication was from 1962-1976 • Has not been eradicated from Europe (note The Netherlands). 4

  12. Hog Cholera • Infected pigs shed virus for 10-20 days • Can be transmitted in utero • Feeding garbage exacerbates the spread; leading to the outlaw of this practice in many states. • 6-day incubation period; Respiratory; enteric; anorexia; hunched; ataxia; leukopenia 5

  13. Foot (Hoof) and Mouth 6

  14. Foot (Hoof) and Mouth • A picornavirus • Family: Picornaviridae; Genus: Apthovirus(Aptha, in Greek means vessicles in the mouth) • RNA virus; 7 serotypes • Can infect pigs, cattle, sheep & goats • Aerosol is highly contagious 6

  15. Foot and Mouth • Can be transmitted in semen; not the fetus • North and Central America is free; South America, Africa & Asia are infected • 3-5 day incubation period • Vessicles in mouth and between toes; • Sharp fever, abortion; skin lesions leading to sluffing of tissue 7

  16. African Swine Fever 8

  17. African Swine Fever • DNA-containing virus; Family: Iridovirdae • Only pigs (including wart hogs and the like) are susceptible; ticks may be carriers • High fever & mortality; respiratory distress;Hemorragic disease • May resemble Hog Cholera • Little antibody formation -- no vaccine 8

  18. Vaccines? • Foot and Mouth -- yes • Hog Cholera -- yes • African Swine Fever -- no • What else is out there??? 9

  19. Diseases that are regulated by the US government • Pseudorabies • Brucellosis • You can be validated as free from these by state agencies • Feral pigs are major carriers of these and other diseases 10

  20. PseudorabiesAujeszky’s Disease 11

  21. PseudorabiesAujeszky’s Disease • Viral; Herpesviridae of the subfamily alphavuirus; DNA • While pigs are the only “natural” host, it infects all farm animals and vermin • All pigs can be infected; suckling pigs are least affected • Transmitted by aerosol, fluids, incl. semen 11

  22. PRV • 2-4 day incubation period • Nervous symptoms among younger pigs (ataxia) and respiratory and reproductive symptoms among older pigs (G-F & sows) • Mortality can be 100% among piglets • Farrowing rate is reduced due to abortions and many stillbirths are observed

  23. PRV • Few gross lesions; respiratory & GI tracts are affected • Genetically-engineered vaccine allows vaccination titers to be distinguished from natural infections • States & USA quarantine the herd as a part of the eradication program

  24. Brucellosis • Bacteria -- Brucella suis • Infects pigs and humans (a different organism infects cattle -- Brucella abortus -- with only a little cross over) • Nearly eradicated in the USA (TX still infected) • Venereal disease of swine; Reproductive failures, especially abortions 12

  25. Major Classes of Production Diseases (ones some chose to live with) • Respiratory • Enteric • Reproductive • Parasitic • Metabolic

  26. Respiratory • PRRS • Atrophic Rhinitis • Mycoplasmal pneumonia • Swine influenza • Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

  27. PRRS

  28. PRRS • Lelystad virus • In 1997, 68.5% of USA farms were seropositive • Farrowing rate declines by 50% • Stillbirths & preweaning mortality & growing pig mortality increases by 300%(1-3 pigs/litter born dead; 2 to 6 % mortality in each of nursery & G-F)

  29. PRRS • Modified live vaccine offers poor protection • No effective treatment • Widespread problem; not solved by SEW or any measure other than “all-in-all-out and wait” or depopulate

  30. Atrophic Rhinitis

  31. Atrophic Rhinitis • Caused by 2 organisms: • Bordetella bronchiseptica causes a non-progressive form of AR • Progressive (severe) AR is caused by toxigenic Pasteurella Multocida • When both organisms are present, the AR is especially symptomatic

  32. Atrophic Rhinitis

  33. Atrophic Rhinitis • Severe turbinate atrophy, bloody & crooked noses, followed by increased incidence of respiratory tract lesions and infections • Genetic predisposition is possible • Caustic air environments exacerbate the symptoms • SEW may help eliminate the bugs

  34. Atrophic Rhinitis • Production set-backs are the most costly • Vaccines are available for BB & PM • Sulfamethazine is effective, but banned in some countries; a host of partially effective antibiotics are available • Suggest: Depopulation

  35. Mycoplasmal pneumonia

  36. Mycoplasmal pneumonia • Also called enzootic pneumonia • Bacteria: Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae • Nose-to-nose contact spreads the organism • Highly prevalent in the the USA, Europe, Australia and most modern pig countries • Lungs have lesions; secondary infections; performance set-backs

  37. Mycoplasmal pneumonia • Several antibiotics are available; all are only partially effective • SEW may help prevent its spread • Suggest: Depopulate

  38. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

  39. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae • Also called Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae • Bacteria of the name: Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae • Widespread distribution • Economic cost is associated with rapid, high mortality, rather than only production set-backs

  40. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae • Brought on by stress; can be acute or chronic • Rapid fever, foamy, bloody respiratory tract discharge; death within 36 hours; tract is inflamed and bloody; • Rapid, high levels of certain antibiotics can be effective • Suggest: Clean up or depopulate

  41. Swine influenza • Also called swine flu, caused by a virus; Influenza A virus (Orthomyxoviridae family); Different serotypes; • Birds and other mammals may carry or become infected by the virus -- including humans • Mild stress brings out symptoms

  42. Swine influenza

  43. Swine influenza • Significant respiratory symptoms, including dog-barking type of coughing • Fever is mild; 1-3 day incubation period • No specific treatment is available; make sure water is available

  44. Pneumonic Pasteurellosis • From Pasteurella multocida (gram negative coccobacillus) • See Atrophic Rhinitis for more details • Often isolated and labeled the cause of death following acute respiratory distress • Many antibiotics are available

  45. Enteric Diseases • TGE • E. coli • Swine dysentery • Ileitis (proliferative enteropathies) • Clostridium • Coccidia • Rotavirus

  46. TGE

  47. TGE • Transmissible Gastro Enteritis • Viral: Coronavirus; RNA • Severe enteric symptoms; there is a Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus (PRCV) that cross reacts with TGE

  48. TGE • 18 h to 3 day incubation period; then severe scours; 50-100% of piglets will die; fewer older pigs; sows vomit; watery to yellow scours with a foul odor • Destruction of intestinal epithelium; pigs unthrifty for life • Feed-back of dead pigs is best • Strikes more in winter

  49. E. coli • E. coli is a common intestinal bacteria; pathogenic E. coli is the enteric organism; • Enteric Colibacillosis; many serotypes • Gram negative, flagellated rods; bacteria produces endotoxin • Symptoms like TGE; lower death loss and it should respond to antibiotics if treated early

  50. Swine dysentery

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