Matter

1. Matter “Luminous beings are we, not this crude matter!” -Yoda, on the nature of The Force

2. Matter • Any substance in the universe • Has mass, takes up space • There are only two forms of existence in the Universe; matter and energy.

3. Ways to Classify Matter • Composition • Based on what types of particles make up a substance • Elements, Compounds, Mixtures • Phase • Based on how particles are arranged because of Energy • Solid, Liquid, Gas, Plasma

4. Phases • Solids • Particles are locked in a regular, repeating pattern called a crystal lattice • Strong forces between certain solids lead to high melting points

5. More on Solids • Hardness • Describes how hard a solid is compared to other solids • Based on the attractive forces between particles in a solid

6. Shape and Volume • Solids do not change shape or volume without adding energy • Wax, glass, Play-Doh, are amorphous solids – they change shape when energy is applied, but retain that shape afterwards

7. Phases • Liquids • Particles are touching, but not locked in pattern • Particles can “slide” past one another, causing the liquid to flow

8. More on Liquids • Viscosity • Describes how well a liquid flows • Based on attractive forces between the particles

9. Shape and Volume • Liquids do not change volume but do take the shape of their container • The surface of a liquid is assumed to be parallel to the surface of the Earth when at rest • Amorphous solids are also classified as “super-cooled liquids”

10. Phases • Gases • Particles are very far apart • Particles collide with each other or their container rarely • These collisions define the “pressure” of the gas

11. Shape and Volume • Gases change shape and/or volume • They take the shape of their container, expanding to fill the container • Explains why aromatics/perfumes will spread across a room

12. Phases • Plasma • Like a gas, but MUCH higher energy • Particles collide with so much force, electrons are knocked off of atoms • This creates a “charged gas” state • Plasmas are uncommon on Earth, as they start around 5000ºC • Only in lightning, aurorae

14. What is the lowest energy state or phase of matter? • Solid • Liquid • Gas • Plasma

15. What phase of matter has particles sliding past one another? • Solid • Liquid • Gas • Plasma

16. What phase of matter is rarely found on Earth? • Solid • Liquid • Gas • Plasma

17. What is the highest energy state or phase of matter? • Solid • Liquid • Gas • Plasma

18. What phase of matter has particles locked in a regular, repeating pattern? • Solid • Liquid • Gas • Plasma

19. Phase Changes • You must add or remove Heat Energy to change from one phase to another

21. Warming up! • Three Phase Changes that require added heat energy: • Melting • Going from Solid Phase to Liquid Phase • Vaporization • Going from Liquid Phase to Gas Phase • Sublimation • Going from Solid Phase to Gas Phase

22. Melting point – temperature where a solid begins to turn into a liquid • Boiling point – temperature where a liquid begins to turn into a gas

23. Vaporization • Boiling occurs when the entire mass of liquid reaches the boiling point • The temperature at which a liquid boils depends on the air pressure • Longer cooking times at higher altitudes

24. Vaporization • Evaporation occurs only at the surface • There must be less of the liquid in the atmosphere than in the container

25. Cooling down! • Two Phase Changes that require removalof heat energy: • Condensation • Going from Gas Phase to Liquid Phase • Freezing • Going from Solid Phase to Liquid Phase

26. Freezing point – temperature where a liquid begins to turn into a solid • Dew point – temperature where a gas begins to turn into a liquid

28. Which phase change is from a Gas to a Liquid ? • Melting • Freezing • Sublimation • Condensation • Vaporization

29. What is the temperature where substance changes from a Gas to a Liquid ? • Melting Point • Freezing Point • Sublimation Point • Dew Point • Boiling Point

30. Which phase change is from a Solid to a Liquid ? • Melting • Freezing • Sublimation • Condensation • Vaporization

31. What is the temperature where substance changes from a Liquid to a Gas ? • Melting Point • Freezing Point • Sublimation Point • Dew Point • Boiling Point

32. Which phase change is from a Liquid to a Gas? • Melting • Freezing • Sublimation • Condensation • Vaporization

33. What is the temperature where substance changes from a Solid to a Liquid ? • Melting Point • Freezing Point • Sublimation Point • Dew Point • Boiling Point

34. Which phase change is from a Solid to a Gas ? • Melting • Freezing • Sublimation • Condensation • Vaporization

35. Which phase change is from a Liquid to a Solid ? • Melting • Freezing • Sublimation • Condensation • Vaporization

36. What is the temperature where substance changes from a Liquid to a Solid ? • Melting Point • Freezing Point • Sublimation Point • Dew Point • Boiling Point

37. Which phase change occurs only at the surface of a liquid ? • Boiling • Evaporation

38. Composition • Pure Substance • Follow exact measures or proportions • Made up of only one kind of particle • Mixtures • Can be any amounts or kinds of particles

39. Pure Substances • Elements • Made of only one kind of atom • All atoms of an element are alike • Found on the Periodic Table • Element Symbols • Abbreviations of names

40. Element Symbols • One letter • Capitalized • First letter of name • Two Letters • First letter capitalized • First and second letter of name • First and second pronounced letter of name

41. Element Symbols • Three letter • First letter capitalized • Temporary name for new elements • Numbers in Latin • When the letters don’t match the name • Older name • Latin name • Usually only for very ancient elements

42. More Pure Substances • Compounds • Two or more atoms chemically combined • Particles are called molecules • Follows a formula • Cannot be separated except: • by chemical means • to form a new compound

43. More Pure Substances • Compound Formulas • Show how many of each atom is in the molecule

44. Pure Substances

45. Oxygen • Element • Compound

46. Carbon Dioxide • Element • Compound

47. 20 Sodium Chloride • Element • Compound

48. 20 Calcium • Element • Compound

49. 20 Carbon Tetrachloride • Element • Compound

50. Mixtures • Homogeneous • Particles so small or so well mixed that the particles can’t be seen • Also called a solution