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Color Machine Vision

Brian Wood 15 October 2008. Color Machine Vision. What is C o l o r Machine Vision?.

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Color Machine Vision

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  1. Brian Wood 15 October 2008 ColorMachineVision

  2. What is Color Machine Vision? • “Machine vision is the capturing of an image [in this case, in color] … the conversion of the image to digital information, and the application of processing algorithms to extract useful information about the image for the purposes of pattern recognition, part inspection, or part positioning and orientation”….Ed Red

  3. Why Color Machine Vision? • Are the red wires connected to the right terminals?

  4. Why Color Machine Vision? • Color sorting • Plastic bottles—clear, green, milk white • Color inspection • Defects in paint • Measuring and matching colorants in paints, plastics, fabrics, etc • Bad fruit • Electrical resistors labeling • For humans, color is influenced by colors next to it, and isn’t consistent between people.

  5. Why Color Machine Vision? • 2 Main Questions to Determine if Color Machine Vision is Necessary: • Can the object’s color help to ascertain the relative quality of the product? • Will color facilitate detection of the object? From http://www.qualitymag.com/CDA/Archives/BNP_GUID_9-5-2006_A_10000000000000207632

  6. Video of Fruit Sorter Video

  7. 3CCD, Tri-linear, Bayer Patterns Charge-Coupled Device 3 Linear Arrays (1 chip divided in 3 sections) Grid of photosensors (1 pixel is 2 G, 1 R, 1 B) 3 Separate chips (1 R, 1 G, 1 B) 255 R 0 G 0 B 0 R 255 G 0 B 0 R 0 G 255 B 0 R 0 G 0 B 255 R 255 G 0 B 0 R 255 G 255 B 255 R 0 G 255 B 255 R 255 G 255 B

  8. I/O Interfaces Bayonet Neill Concelman Firewire Ethernet USB 2.0 Coaxial (BNC connector) Serial

  9. Drawbacks/Limitations • More expensive • Not as fast as monochrome cameras • More data to be processed • Color may not helpful • Dimension Verification

  10. , tested or listed • Depends on customer—some require it, some don’t. • Depends on machine vision system • Individual components likely already UL, CE, or other certified. • Certification not typically necessary for non-customized parts (i.e. camera plugged into computer with software running). • If components have been opened up or customized after-market, then certification may be a good idea, it all depends. • If being shipped outside of country, certifications are helpful.

  11. Customer Base and Vendors • According to Automated Imaging Association (AIA), 25% machine vision cameras sold in 2005-2006 were color. It appears to be growing. • Depends on application • Some Camera brands: • Costar • Elmo • FOculus • Hitachi • JAI • JVC • Panasonic • Some Frame grabber brands: • Pulnix • Sony • Teli • Toshiba • uEye • XLi • Active Silicon • Alacron • Bitflow • Dalsa • Datacube • DPict Imaging, Inc. • Epix, Inc. • Imagenation Corp. • Integral Technologies • Matrox Imaging • MuTech Corp. • National Instruments • Seldes

  12. Cost • Depends on resolution, frame rate, setup • Cameras • CV-M50 (Phoenix)—$695 • CV-M10 (Phoenix)—$1,395 • NI CVS-1455—$3,995 • Frame Grabber • PCIe-8235 (NI)—$779 • PCI-1424 (NI)—$2,699 • PC—$500-∞ • Software • LabVIEW $1,249-$4,699

  13. Technical Paper • Dirt is mechanically separated from the potatotes when harvesting. There are still many dirt clods mixed in with the potatoes. • Color machine vision is being implemented to distinguish between the two objects with very high accuracy. • The potatoes could either be wet or dry! • Color images were converted to include only one specific waveband (different for wet and dry potatoes) in order for the computer to determine which objects were dirt clods. • A. Al-Mallahi, T. Kataoka, H. Okamoto, Discrimination between potato tubers and clods by detecting the significant wavebands, Biosystems EngineeringVolume 100, Issue 3, , July 2008, Pages 329-337. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WXV-4SS8CM5-1/2/01b7015c716d456dd7d3beb9bd880ec5)

  14. Summary • Color machine vision can be useful in particular applications. • Important to understand some of the technical aspects of applying color machine vision. You are then informed about making proper decisions. • Camera specs • I/O Interfaces • Drawbacks • Certifications • Brands • Cost • Color machine vision can save a company lots of money!

  15. In-Class Example (fake numbers) Yes, in 37.5 business days the system has already paid for itself (minus the cost of employees monitoring/maintaining the system). • A color machine vision system is used to sort fruit at a factory at a rate of 40 fruits/sec. • Factory runs 16 hours/day. • Cost of system is $60,000. • A human can sort at a rate of 2 fruits/sec. • There are 20 workers (8 hours/day). • Hourly wage is $10/hour. • Is it cost-effective to replace the humans? After how long?

  16. References • Automation Building Blocks. W. E. Red. Slide 2. http://www.et.byu.edu/~ered/ME486/BldgBlocks.ppt • Color Machine Vision. Slides 3,4. http://www.qualitydigest.com/oct98/html/color.html • http://www.qualitymag.com/CDA/Archives/BNP_GUID_9-5-2006_A_10000000000000207632 • Optical Illusions (Wikipedia). Slide 4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_illusions • Phoenix Imaging. http://www.phoeniximaging.com/color.htm • Bayer Pattern (Wikipedia). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_pattern • Digital Network Vision. http://www.digitalnetworkvision.com/?type=GoogleAdWordsSearch&gclid=CJSfss_xpZYCFQwxiQodtjE56w • National Instruments. http://sine.ni.com/nifn/cds/view/main/p/sn/n32:frameGrabber/lang/en/nid/1286/ap/vision • Toshiba Frame Grabbing Boards. http://www.toshiba.com/taisisd/indmed/frame_grab.jsp • Over-the-phone interview with my father about UL, CE verification and listings (experienced engineer from industry).

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