Preview of the Lectures 16-30

1. Preview of the Lectures16-30 • Personnel Administration • Public personnel administration is an important element of government administrative systems. The effective conduct of the work of government depends upon the people work and how the people are being administered. • The main purpose is to ensure public organization has enough and competence staff to perform the tasks of the particular organization. • The concern of public personnel administration is to improve the productive contribution of the public servants and to ensure that all government employees are treated well according to the HRM principle.

2. Personnel Administration • Public personnel administration is an important element of government administrative systems. The effective conduct of the work of government depends upon the people work and how the people are being administered. • The main purpose is to ensure public organization has enough and competence staff to perform the tasks of the particular organization. • The concern of public personnel administration is to improve the productive contribution of the public servants and to ensure that all government employees are treated well according to the HRM principle.

5. Problems of Governance in Pakistan • Revising Governance in Pakistan’s perspective • The Musharraf Paradox: The Failure of an Economic Success Story • Issues of Voters in 2008 • Factors contributing to country’s economic malaise • Some highs of Musharraf Era • Factors contributing to country’s economic malaise • Outcomes of the dictatorship

6. Economic Growth and Social Polarization • During the Ayub period (1960-1969) the basic objective of the development strategy was to achieve a high growth rate of GNP within the framework of private enterprise supported by government subsidies, tax concessions and import controls.Investmenttargets were expected to be achieved on the basis of the doctrine of functional inequality. This meant a deliberate transfer of in come from the poorer sections of society who were thought to have a low marginal rate of savings, to high income groups who were expected to have a high marginal rate of savingsfor the sake of high savings and raised investment.

7. The particular growth process in Pakistan during this period generated four fundamental contradictions: 1. A dependent economic structure and growing inflow of foreign loans. 2. An acute concentration of economic power (43 families represented 76.8 per cent of all manufacturing assets by the end of the 1960s). 3. The polarization of classes in the rural sector and a rapid increase in landlessness. 4. A growing economic disparity between the regions of Pakistan.

8. Governance • The political and bureucratic elite in Pakistan has so far demonstrably failed in fulfilling its historical role of building a modem democratic polity marked with social justice within the state of Pakistan, as envisaged by the founding father, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Fulfilling this role would have meant building institutions through which the will of the people could become operative within the power structure, developing a political culture which could strengthen and sustain these institutions, and finally, in initiating an industrialization process through which the people of Pakistan could make a contribution to the contemporary world. • it is remarkable that whenever the people, as a whole, have intervened, they have shown not only a high level of political consciousness but, in fact, it can be argued that their political maturity has grown over time.

9. Frequently Asked Questions • Are these institutions capable of fairly resolving many of the conflicts that have repeatedly derailed the economy? • Will they permit continuity in economic policy? • Will they strengthen democracy, enabling all segments of society better access to public services and opportunities? • Will they enable the country to finally have a successful economic transition to high sustained growth?

10. Decentralization • What is Decentralization • Why Decentralize • Benefits and Criticism and Prerequisites on Devolution • History of Decentralization in Pakistan • Repairing the System • The Current Local Government Reforms

11. Three Tiered Local Government System District Administration Caters to Development Needs Like Health Tehsil Administration Caters To Municipal Needs and Services Union Administration Elects Members of the Higher Tiers CCB’s Advisory Role in Service Provision

12. Summary (1947-2000) • Institutionalization of Clienteles, Personalized Politics • Disempowerment of Provincial Elected Tier • Circumscribed Power of Elected Local Governments • Strong Bureaucratic Hold Over Local Governments • Political Power Highly Centralized

13. Conclusions • One formula fits all, implementation in one go • Devolution – phases (from center to province and from province to districts) • Failure to undertake financial repercussions-the transition committees never submitted their reports • Increased political participation yes, sustainability & effectiveness in doubt • Unfinished agenda- un established bodies, departments, failure to make changes in the ordinance due to rigidity • New agenda- Provincial & National Assembly Elections and emerging conflicts • Party or non-party based elections • to have or have not • Constitutional protection without endorsement of parliament

14. Highly Responsive Local Government “invited” space “jointly defined” space Fully engaging Civil Society Non-engaging Civil Society “claimed” space “legally defined” space Unresponsive Local Government Source: Nierras, 2002

15. Decision Making in Governance • What are Organizations and Who are Managers? • What is Decision Making? • Rationality in Organizations • Rational Decision Making Models • How Administrators Think • Programmed Decision Making • Non-programmed Decision Making • Leaders Profile • Emergent Problems • A Paradigm for Decision Making

16. Decision-Making: Concept - Means by which to: - Administer - Plan - Organize - Lead - Control

17. Rationality in Decision Making • Herbert Simon’s three phases of decision making: • Intelligence activity, Design activity, Choice activity • Peter Drucker’s rational steps in decision making: • Define the Problem • Analyze the Problem • Develop Alternative Solutions • Decide on the Best Solution • Convert decisions into Effective Actions

18. The Rational Model 1. Define and diagnose the problem 2. Set goals 7. Follow up and control External and internal Environ. forces 3. Search for alternative solutions 6.Implement the solution selected 5. Choose among alternative solutions 4. Compare and evaluate solution

19. Leaders Profile - Ten Variables: i) Dependence on authority ii) Use of power and fear iii) Dominates iv) Dependence on personal expertness v) Personal Likeableness vi) Exhibition of sincere interest vii) Development of persons viii) Inspiration for the best results ix) Weld members into a team x) Sharing of ends and goals

20. “Poverty and Inequality Issues in Pakistan” • Poverty, inequality and unemployment in Pakistan • Overview of poverty and income inequality situation (from year 2000 till 2010) • Poverty across the provinces • Trends in inequality • A comparison of poverty and inequality in Pakistan with selected Asian countries • Comparison in inequality • Status of achieving poverty-related MDG targets in Pakistan • Relationship between inequality, poverty and growth • Government policies/initiatives for reducing poverty and inequality • Benazir income support program (BISP) • Punjab food support scheme (PFSS) • Pakistan Bait-ul-Maal (PBM)

21. Agenda Zakat Microfinance Diagnostic Analysis of Binding Constraints to Reducing Poverty and Inequality Law & Order and Governance Education, Technology and Health Landlessness, Farm Assets and Tenure Patterns Power Structures in Rural Areas Doing Business in Pakistan

22. Impact of Energy Crisis on Development • Preview of Last Lecture • Pakistan and it’s MDGs • What will it take to achieve MDGs? • What is Energy Crises? • Causes of Energy Crises • Effects of Energy Crises

23. Pakistan and the Millennium Development Goals (2015) • Eradicate Extreme Hunger and Poverty • Achieve Universal Primary Education • Promote Gender Equality • Reduce Child Mortality • Improve Maternal Health • Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases • Ensure Environmental Sustainability • Develop a Global Partnership for Development

24. Contents Demand of electricity Supply of electricity Shortfall of electricity Dams Other methods to produce electricity

25. Energy resources of Pakistan  Pakistan’s Conventional Energy Resources  Pakistan’s Renewable Energy Resources • Wind Energy • Solar Energy • Bio-mass & Bio-fuels

26. Economic Issues and Challenges • The Era of Structural Adjustment:1988-1998 • Economic Situation:1998-2004 • Sectoral Contribution to the GDP growth • Structural Changes In Pakistan • Pakistan: basic indicators,1947-2011

27. Sectoral Contribution to the GDP growth (%points)

28. Challenges to Pakistan’s Economy • We Consume More and Save Less. • We Import More and Export Less • Government Spends More than it Earns as Revenues • Our Share in the World Trade is Shrinking • We Badly Lag in Social Indicators. • We Face Energy and Water Shortages • Cost of Doing Business is High • Crisis of Governance and Implementation Weaknesses • Uncertainty and Unpredictability due to Lack of Continuity • Political Stability, Law and Order/Security.

29. “Financial Public Administration” • What is Finance and Financial Administration? • Importance of Public Finance • Budget • The Budget as an Instrument of Public Policy and Manage • The Legal Basis of Budgets • What is an Appropriation?

30. Finance • Finance occupies a very important place in budgetary process. • It is the oil of the engine of administration. • No act of government can be performed without money. • Government requires money for everything, it does.

31. Principles of Budgeting • Publicity • Comprehensiveness • Clarity • Integrity • Periodicity

32. Principles of Sound Financial Administration • Accuracy • Comprehensiveness • Consistency • Honesty • Judgment • Legitimacy • Timeliness • Transparency

33. Role of Bureaucracy in Public Administration • What is Bureaucracy? • Weber’s Model • Functions of Bureaucracy • The nature and dimensions of bureaucracy-society incongruity • Pakistan’s prime need a real bureaucracy • Remedies

34. The Bureaucracy • What is Bureaucracy? • A complex, hierarchically arranged organization composed of many small subdivisions with specialized functions • Bureaucracy means “rule by officialdom” • Bureaucracy is complex

35. Bureaucracy(Weber Model) • Hierarchy • Division of Labor • Consistency • Qualification • Professional–Private Separation • Devotion to Purpose • Advancement / Seniority

36. Remedies • Bureaucracy can be effective only if it has the assurance of protection from the vindictive actions of rulers. • Recently, the Supreme Court has started taking notice of the ministerial nepotism and arbitrariness in the appointments and promotions of officials. • This initiative should be followed by a bill to enact the security of tenure and containment of the discretionary powers of rulers for appointments, transfers and promotions of public officials.

37. The reconstruction of Pakistan’s bureaucracies has to begin with restoring the rule of rules in public services and ensuring security of tenure with accountability. • Pakistan’s bureaucracies are plagued by many ills other than insecurity and loss of professionalism. 

38. Quote of the Day • There is no end to education. It is not that you read a book, pass an examination, and finish with education. The whole of life, from the moment you are born to the moment you die, is a process of learning.