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The Use of Flight Simulation to Analyze Aircraft Design and Performance

The Use of Flight Simulation to Analyze Aircraft Design and Performance. Douglas L .Wilson – Chief Test Pilot Abraham Gutierrez – Chief Systems Engineer Anh Huy Nguyen – Chief Flight Engineer Advisor – Basil Philip Sponsor: Dr. Ron O. Stearman. Objectives.

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The Use of Flight Simulation to Analyze Aircraft Design and Performance

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  1. The Use of Flight Simulation to Analyze Aircraft Design and Performance Douglas L .Wilson – Chief Test Pilot Abraham Gutierrez – Chief Systems Engineer Anh Huy Nguyen – Chief Flight Engineer Advisor – Basil Philip Sponsor: Dr. Ron O. Stearman

  2. Objectives • Look into the background of two crashes • Mooney 305-1998 • Cessna 172H-2000 • Conduct Several Test • Flight Simulator (X-Planes) • Real Test (Cessna 172H or similar version) • Perform Test Runs • Weather Conditions • Plane configurations • Determine if Phugoid Mode can be Demonstrate • Mooney 305 • Flight Simulator Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson

  3. Background • Mooney Rocket 305 - Engine modification to the Mooney M20K - Modified engine caused the aircraft to enter a phugoid mode • Cessna 172H - Engine Power • Flap Settings Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson

  4. Outline -Mooney 305 Crash Report Timeline of the crash Comparison 305 Rocket Airplane What is Phugoid Mode? Phugoid Mode Analysis Future Work -Cessna 172H Cessna specifications Performance Weight and Balance Cessna Crash NTSB Investigation Suggested Causes -Cessna 172H Flight Testing Data Conversion Preliminary Results Proposed Flight Test Flight Simulation Cost Analysis Time Analysis Acknowledgements Presentation Outline Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson

  5. Crash Report • Crash Report • Timeline • Comparison • 305 Rocket Airplane • What is Phugoid Mode? • Phugoid Mode • Summary • Accident -In May 5, 1998 the Mooney 305 crashed near Bakersfield, California -In the accident the pilot suffer fatal injuries • Investigation (2 Reports) -The (NTSB) report indicated that pilot exceeded the never to exceed velocity which caused flutter: consequently the airplane suffer severe damage in the airframe. -Another (Dr. Stearman) report, indicated that the airplane didn’t exceed the never to exceed velocity but that the flutter was triggered by an overload damage to the horizontal tail brought on by the aircraft maneuvering in an unstable phugoid mode. Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson

  6. Timeline for the 305 Rocket Crash Report • Timeline • Comparison • 305 Rocket Airplane • What is Phugoid Mode? • Phugoid Mode • Summary 1 2 19000ft 3 15000ft 2300ft Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson

  7. Changes Crash Report Timeline • Comparison • 305 Rocket Airplane • What is Phugoid Mode? • Phugoid Mode • Analysis • Summary Specifications Mooney M20KMooney 305 Horsepower 210HP 305HP Propeller 2 blades 3 blades Max takeoff weight 2900lbs 3200lbs Max landing weight 2900lbs 3040lbs Empty weight 1860lbs 2068lbs Max. useful load 1040lbs 1132lbs Stall Speed 60kts 61kts Service Ceiling 24000ft 24000ft Max. Level Speed 198kts 240kts Cruise Speed (kts) 188kts 230kts Takeoff over 50ft 1500ft 1200ft obstacle Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson

  8. 305 Rocket Airplane Crash Report Timeline Comparison • 305 Rocket Airplane • What is Phugoid Mode? • Phugoid Mode • Analysis • Summary • Mooney 305 -The Mooney 305 is a modification of the Mooney M20K. In which 45 percent more horsepower and a new propeller was added to the airframe of the Mooney M20K -The Federal Aviation Administration awarded the certificates • Mooney 305 Autopilot -Insufficient testing -The autopilot was not modify -If a control system fails during a phugoid mode then accident like the on in Bakersfield can occur. Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson

  9. What is Phugoid Mode Crash Report Timeline Comparison 305 Rocket Airplane • What is Phugoid Mode? • Phugoid Mode • Analysis • Summary • Phugoid Mode -Is simply an oscillatory mode in the aircraft dynamics which last for a long time compared to other aircraft oscillations. For example: δ t Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson

  10. Phugoid Analysis Crash Report Timeline Comparison 305 Rocket Airplane What is Phugoid Mode? • Phugoid Analsis • Summary • Equation of motion -we are going to use the principle of conservation of energy: • T+V=K (T=kinetic energy) and (V=potential • State variables or inputs x=(v,v’) • External Vertical Force U=F • State Matrix Equation x’=Ax+Bu 0 1 0 x’ = x + F -2*g^2/vo^2 0 g/mvo 5) Output (position,kinetic/potential energy,) Damped or Undamped Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson

  11. Summary Crash Report • Timeline • Comparison • 305 Rocket Airplane • What is Phugoid Mode? • Phugoid Mode • Summary • Mooney M20K -Model of the Mooney 305 in X-plane -Flight Simulator • Matlab code - Matlab program to fix the autopilot of the modified Mooney M20k -Matlab programs to identify the phugoid mode -Matlab program provided for us. Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson

  12. Summary Crash Report • Timeline • Comparison • 305 Rocket Airplane • What is Phugoid Mode? • Phugoid Mode • Summary • Damping Stages Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson

  13. Cessna 172H Specifications • Cessna specifications Timeline of Crash • Weights and Balances • Performance • NTSB Investigation • Further Investigation • Probable Causes Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson

  14. Cessna specifications • Timeline of Crash • Weights and Balances • Performance • NTSB Investigation • Further Investigation • Probable Causes Timeline of the Cessna 172H Crash Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson

  15. Weights and Balances Cessna specifications Timeline of Crash • Weights and Balances • Performance • NTSB Investigation • Further Investigation • Probable Causes Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson

  16. Performance Cessna specifications Timeline of Crash • Weights and Balances • Performance • NTSB Investigation • Further Investigation • Probable Causes (Cessna Pilot Handbook) • Standard atmospheric conditions Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson

  17. Cessna NTSB Findings • The airplane was found 300 yards southwest of the end of runway 31 • The engine and nose was found aft in the cabin area • Chord-wise crush damage sustained aft to the wing forward spars • Propeller blade bent and scratched • Left door torn from fuselage • Flap actuator was working properly • No mechanical malfunction to engine assembly • Wing flaps were set at 40 degrees (Manufacturer recommended 0 degree settings for take-off) Cessna specifications Timeline of Crash Weights and Balances • Performance • NTSB Investigation Further Investigation • ProbableCauses Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson

  18. Further Investigation Cessna specifications Timeline of Crash Weights and Balances • Performance • NTSB Investigation • Further Investigation • Probable Causes • At impact the tachometer was stuck at 1500 RPM • If this was the correct engine output, the aircraft would not be able to maintain a climb attitude. Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson

  19. Probable Causes Cessna specifications Timeline of Crash Weights and Balances • Performance • NTSB Investigation • Further Investigation • Probable Causes • Pilot attempted a touch-and-go landing and left the flaps down at 40 degrees • Engine malfunction during take-off that resulted in a partial or total power loss Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson

  20. Flight Testing • Flight Testing • Data Conversion • Preliminary Results • Proposed Flight Test • Flight Simulation • Cost Analysis • Time Analysis • Acknowledgements • Test SP4-E101 • February 22, 2004 • Georgetown Municipal Airport (KGTU) • Weather Conditions Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson

  21. Flight Testing • Flight Testing • Data Conversion • Preliminary Results • Proposed Flight Test • Flight Simulation • Cost Analysis • Time Analysis • Acknowledgements • Cessna 739ZY • 172 N model • 160 HP (O-320 engine) • Tests performed • 2 weights • 2 altitudes • 5 flap settings Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson

  22. Flight Testing • Flight Testing • Data Conversion • Preliminary Results • Proposed Flight Test • Flight Simulation • Cost Analysis • Time Analysis • Acknowledgements Cessna 739ZY – Weight 1 A/C empty weight tested 1469.1 lbs Fuel Capacity (40 gal) 240.0 lbs Passengers/gear ~400.0 lbs TOTAL TEST WEIGHT ~2109.1 lbs Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson

  23. Flight Testing • Flight Testing • Data Conversion • Preliminary Results • Proposed Flight Test • Flight Simulation • Cost Analysis • Time Analysis • Acknowledgements Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson

  24. Flight Testing • Flight Testing • Data Conversion • Preliminary Results • Proposed Flight Test • Flight Simulation • Cost Analysis • Time Analysis • Acknowledgements Cessna 739ZY – Weight 2 A/C empty weight tested 1469.1 lbs Fuel (22 gal) 132.0 lbs Passengers/gear ~615.0 lbs TOTAL TEST WEIGHT ~2216.1 lbs Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson

  25. Flight Testing • Flight Testing • Data Conversion • Preliminary Results • Proposed Flight Test • Flight Simulation • Cost Analysis • Time Analysis • Acknowledgements Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson

  26. Data conversion • Flight Testing • Data Conversion • Preliminary Results • Proposed Flight Test • Flight Simulation • Cost Analysis • Time Analysis • Acknowledgements Provides for the analysis of the 172 H model Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson

  27. Preliminary Results172 H Conversion • Flight Testing • Data Conversion • Preliminary Results • Proposed Flight Test • Flight Simulation • Cost Analysis • Time Analysis • Acknowledgements Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson

  28. Proposed Flight Test • Flight Testing • Data Conversion • Preliminary Results • Proposed Flight Test • Flight Simulation • Cost Analysis • Time Analysis • Acknowledgements • Cessna 172 E model • O-300 engine • 2300 lb gross take-off weight • 42 gal max fuel capacity • 40 degree flap settings • Cruise prop installed on the A/C Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson

  29. Flight Simulation • Flight Testing • Data Conversion • Preliminary Results • Proposed Flight Test • Flight Simulation • Cost Analysis • Time Analysis • Acknowledgements • Mooney Simulations • Performed at WRW Laboratories • X-Plane software • Easy to use • Allows for proper data output • Autopilot will be engaged • Monitor output to determine if phugoid mode is present Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson

  30. Aircraft Modifications • Flight Testing • Data Conversion • Preliminary Results • Proposed Flight Test • Flight Simulation • Cost Analysis • Time Analysis • Acknowledgements Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson

  31. Flight Simulation • Flight Testing • Data Conversion • Preliminary Results • Proposed Flight Test • Flight Simulation • Cost Analysis • Time Analysis • Acknowledgements • Presently have 5 test aircraft • 172 SP • 172 SP – modified for 40 degrees of flaps • 172 H – A/C in accident • 172 N – A/C in actual flight test • 172 E – Proposed test A/C Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson

  32. Aircraft Modifications • Flight Testing • Data Conversion • Preliminary Results • Proposed Flight Test • Flight Simulation • Cost Analysis • Time Analysis • Acknowledgements Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson

  33. Flight Simulation • Flight Testing • Data Conversion • Preliminary Results • Proposed Flight Test • Flight Simulation • Cost Analysis • Time Analysis • Acknowledgements • Cessna Testing – Stage 1 • Verification flights • Repeat previous flight tests • Performance tests to compare to manufacturer and actual flight data • MOST IMPORTANT PHASE OF TESTING! Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson

  34. Flight Simulation • Flight Testing • Data Conversion • Preliminary Results • Proposed Flight Test • Flight Simulation • Cost Analysis • Time Analysis • Acknowledgements • Cessna Testing – Stage 2 • Attempt to recreate the accident • Take-offs with 40 degrees of flaps at desired weight • Takeoff with engine failure at ~300 feet AGL Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson

  35. Cost Analysis • Flight Testing • Data Conversion • Preliminary Results • Proposed Flight Test • Flight Simulation • Cost Analysis • Time Analysis • Acknowledgements • Currently 4.2 hours of real flight testing • Aircraft rental: $79/hr - $331.80 • Instructor fee: $35/hr - $147.00 • Total current cost: $478.80 • Projected 5 hours of additional real flight testing • Total expenses ~ $1000 Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson

  36. Time Analysis • Flight Testing • Data Conversion • Preliminary Results • Proposed Flight Test • Flight Simulation • Cost Analysis • Time Analysis • Acknowledgements • Phase 1 – Completed • Background investigations into both accidents • Phugoid mode analysis • A/C modifications made in flight simulators • Phase 2A – Completion projected March 5 • Actual flight testing of Cessna A/C • Added to validate flight simulator data Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson

  37. Time Analysis • Flight Testing • Data Conversion • Preliminary Results • Proposed Flight Test • Flight Simulation • Cost Analysis • Time Analysis • Acknowledgements • Phase 2B – Completion projected April 10 • Flight Simulator Testing • Validation phase – completion projected March 20 • Accident Recreation • Cessna 172 H • Mooney Rocket • Phase 3 – Completion projected May 5 • Analysis of flight data • Final reports and recommendations Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson

  38. Acknowledgments • Flight Testing • Data Conversion • Preliminary Results • Proposed Flight Test • Flight Simulation • Cost Analysis • Time Analysis • Acknowledgements • Wright Aviation in Georgetown, TX • Bill Eldredge and staff • Alan Weaver – Flight Instructor • Dr. Ron O. Stearman • Basil Philip • Marcus Kruger • Joshua Foxworth Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson

  39. Summary • Mooney 305 • Bakersfield, CA accident • Phugoid Mode • Cessna 172H • Falcon Field Accident • Flap settings and Engine Concerns • Flight Testing • Real Flight tests • X-Plane Simulator testing Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson

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