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The Use of Flight Simulation to Analyze Aircraft Design and Performance

The Use of Flight Simulation to Analyze Aircraft Design and Performance. Douglas L .Wilson – Chief Test Pilot Abraham Gutierrez – Chief Systems Engineer Anh Huy Nguyen – Chief Flight Engineer Advisor – Basil Philip Sponsor: Dr. Ron O. Stearman. Outline -Abraham Gutierrez Mooney 305

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The Use of Flight Simulation to Analyze Aircraft Design and Performance

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  1. The Use of Flight Simulation to Analyze Aircraft Design and Performance Douglas L .Wilson – Chief Test Pilot Abraham Gutierrez – Chief Systems Engineer Anh Huy Nguyen – Chief Flight Engineer Advisor – Basil Philip Sponsor: Dr. Ron O. Stearman

  2. Outline -Abraham Gutierrez Mooney 305 Mooney Findings Mooney Summary -Anh Huy Nguyen Cessna 172 H Cessna 172 H Background Cessna 172 H Flight Test -Douglas Wilson Cessna 172 H Cessna 172 Findings Cessna Summary Entire Project Overview Presentation Outline Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson Mooney Cessna Cessna

  3. Objective • Objective • Approach • Mooney 305 Background • Phugoid Mode • Summary • Design - X-Plane Software • Flight Simulator • Investigation - Mooney 305-1998 (Phugoid mode) - Cessna 172H-2000 (Flaps Settings) Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson Mooney Cessna Cessna

  4. Approach Objective • Approach Mooney 305 Background Phugoid Mode Summary • Mooney 305 -Research Crash and Investigation Reports -Build a Mooney 305 (X-plane) -Flight Simulation Data vs Radar Data (Phugoid Mode) • Cessna 172 H -Build a Cessna 172H (X-plane) -Validation of the Flight Simulator -Climbing Trends Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson Mooney Cessna Cessna

  5. Mooney 305 Background Objective Approach • Mooney 305 Background Phugoid Mode • Summary • Accident -Bakersfield Municipal Airport -Phugoid Mode • Investigation -Several Changes -Lack of Testing Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson Mooney Cessna Cessna

  6. Mooney 305 Background Objective Approach • Mooney 305 Background Phugoid Mode • Summary Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson Mooney Cessna Cessna

  7. Phugoid Mode Objective Approach Mooney 305 Background • Phugoid Mode Summary • Oscillations -Short Period (Several Seconds) Change In Altitude Motion Occurs at Nearly Constant Speed Maximum speed -Long Period (phugod mode) Change In Altitude Minimum speed Long period Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson Mooney Cessna Cessna

  8. Phugoid Mathematical Analysis Objective Approach Mooney 305 Background • Phugoid Mode Summary • Phugoid Period -T=.142*(2+a)^1/2*U a=aerodynamic characteristics U=true airspeed • Phugoid Damping Ratio -ς=(sqrt(2)/4)*Cd/Cl Cd=Coefficient of Drag Cl=Coefficient of Lift Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson Mooney Cessna Cessna

  9. Phugoid Mode Findings Objective Approach Mooney 305 Background • Phugoid Mode • Summary • Radar Findings Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson Mooney Cessna Cessna

  10. Phugoid Mode Findings Objective Approach Mooney 305 Background • Phugoid Mode Summary • Radar Findings • Test Findings Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson Mooney Cessna Cessna

  11. Phugoid Mode Findings Objective Approach Mooney 305 Background • Phugoid Mode • Summary • Radar Findings • Test Findings Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson Mooney Cessna Cessna

  12. Summary Objective Approach Mooney 305 Background Phugoid Mode • Summary • Accomplishments -Create Mooney 305 -Compare Radar Data with Simulator Data • Future Work -Test the Mooney 305 -Work on the Autopilot Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson Mooney Cessna Cessna

  13. Cessna 172 H • Timeline • Weights and Balances • Investigation • Real Flight Tests • Simulation Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson Mooney Cessna Cessna

  14. Timeline Weights and Balances Investigation Real Flight Tests Simulation Timeline of the Cessna 172H Crash Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson Mooney Cessna Cessna

  15. Weights and Balances Timeline • Weights and Balances Investigation Real Flight Tests Simulation Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson Mooney Cessna Cessna

  16. Cessna NTSB Findings • The airplane was found 300 yards southwest of the end of runway 31 • The engine and nose was found aft in the cabin area • Chord-wise crush damage sustained aft to the wing forward spars • Propeller blade bent and scratched • Left door torn from fuselage • Flap actuator was working properly • No mechanical malfunction to engine assembly • Wing flaps were set at 40 degrees (Manufacturer recommended 0 degree settings for take-off) Timeline Weights and Balances • Investigation Real Flight Tests Simulation Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson Mooney Cessna Cessna

  17. Further Investigation • At impact the tachometer was stuck at 1500 RPM • If this was the correct engine output, the aircraft would not be able to maintain a climb attitude. Timeline Weights and Balances • Investigation Real Flight Tests Simulation Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson Mooney Cessna Cessna

  18. Probable Causes • Pilot attempted a touch-and-go landing and left the flaps down at 40 degrees • Engine malfunction during take-off that resulted in a partial or total power loss Timeline Weights and Balances • Investigation Real Flight Tests Simulation Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson Mooney Cessna Cessna

  19. Real Flight Testing (1) • Test SP4-E101 • Georgetown, TX • February 22, 2004 • Georgetown Municipal Airport (KGTU) • Participants: Stearman, Wilson, Weaver • Cessna 739ZY • 172 N model • 160 HP (O-320 engine) • Tests performed • 2 weights • 2 altitudes (2000 ft and 3000 ft) • 5 flap settings Timeline Weights and Balances Investigation • Real Flight Tests Simulation Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson Mooney Cessna Cessna

  20. Weights for Test SP4-E101 Timeline Weights and Balances Investigation • Real Flight Tests Simulation Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson Mooney Cessna Cessna

  21. Real Flight Testing (2) • Test SP4-D101 • San Antonio, TX • April 3, 2004 • Stinson Airport (KSSF) • Participants: Wilson, Nguyen, Gutierrez, McGhee • Cessna 2632L • 172 H model • 145 HP (O-300D engine) • Climb Prop • Tests performed • 2 weights • 2 altitudes (2000 ft and 3000 ft) • 5 flap settings Timeline Weights and Balances Investigation • Real Flight Tests Simulation Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson Mooney Cessna Cessna

  22. Weights for Test SP4-D101 Timeline Weights and Balances Investigation • Real Flight Tests Simulation Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson Mooney Cessna Cessna

  23. Real Flight Testing (3) • Test SP4-D102 • Houston, TX • April 27, 2004 • Weiser Air Park (KEYQ) • Participants: Wilson, Nguyen, Gutierrez, Weaver • Cessna 2320U • 172 H model • 145 HP (O-300D engine) • Cruise Prop • Tests performed • 2 weights • 2 altitudes (1500 ft and 2500 ft) • 5 flap settings Timeline Weights and Balances Investigation • Real Flight Tests Simulation Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson Mooney Cessna Cessna

  24. Weights for Test SP4-D102 Timeline Weights and Balances Investigation • Real Flight Tests Simulation Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson Mooney Cessna Cessna

  25. Aircraft Modifications Timeline Weights and Balances Investigation Real Flight Tests • Simulation Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson Mooney Cessna Cessna

  26. Flight Simulation Verification Tests • Performance tests to compare to manufacturer and actual flight data Repeat previous flight tests Reconstruct accident • Take-offs with 40 degrees of flaps at desired weight Timeline Weights and Balances Investigation Real Flight Tests • Simulation Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson Mooney Cessna Cessna

  27. Test Flight Results Test Results Projected Flight Flight Recreation Conclusions Cost Analysis Time Analysis Future Projects Acknowledgements Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson Mooney Cessna Cessna

  28. Test Results - Simulation Test Results Projected Flight Flight Recreation Conclusions Cost Analysis Time Analysis Future Projects Acknowledgements Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson Mooney Cessna Cessna

  29. Projected Flight • Test Results • Projected Flight • Flight Recreation • Conclusions • Cost Analysis • Time Analysis • Future Projects • Acknowledgements Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson Mooney Cessna Cessna

  30. Flaps Down Recreation

  31. Conclusions • Test Results • Projected Flight • Flight Recreation • Conclusions • Cost Analysis • Time Analysis • Future Projects • Acknowledgements • C-172H would need approximately 58 seconds to climb to 275 feet • If flaps were set at 40 degrees of flaps, aircraft could not have reached altitude • Separate aircraft problem Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson Mooney Cessna Cessna

  32. Potential Problems • Test Results • Projected Flight • Flight Recreation • Conclusions • Cost Analysis • Time Analysis • Future Projects • Acknowledgements • Conditions were adequate for carburetor icing – decreased engine performance • Additional Engine Failure • Potential mechanical error – aircraft had completed 100 hour inspection the day before incident Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson Mooney Cessna Cessna

  33. Cost Analysis • Test Results • Projected Flight • Flight Recreation • Conclusions • Cost Analysis • Time Analysis • Future Projects • Acknowledgements • Aircraft Flight Tests • Aircraft rental(~11 hr): $79/hr - $880 • Instructor fee(~11 hr): $35/hr - $385 • Travel Expenses: $500 • Total expenses ~ $1765 Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson Mooney Cessna Cessna

  34. Time Analysis • Test Results • Projected Flight • Flight Recreation • Conclusions • Cost Analysis • Time Analysis • Future Projects • Acknowledgements • Phase 1 – Completed • Background investigations into both accidents • Phugoid mode analysis • A/C modifications made in flight simulators • Phase 2A – Completed • Actual flight testing of Cessna A/C • Added to validate flight simulator data Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson Mooney Cessna Cessna

  35. Time Analysis • Test Results • Projected Flight • Flight Recreation • Conclusions • Cost Analysis • Time Analysis • Future Projects • Acknowledgements • Phase 2B – Completed • Flight Simulator Testing • Validation phase • Accident Recreation • Cessna 172 H • Mooney Rocket • Phase 3 – Completed • Analysis of flight data • Final reports and recommendations Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson Mooney Cessna Cessna

  36. Future Projects • Test Results • Projected Flight • Flight Recreation • Conclusions • Cost Analysis • Time Analysis • Future Projects • Acknowledgements • Continue to analyze the Mooney Rocket • Additional C-172 testing to check performance due to carb ice • Expand the simulator testing to additional aircraft • Other General Aviation accidents • Commercial aircraft Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson Mooney Cessna Cessna

  37. Acknowledgments • Test Results • Projected Flight • Flight Recreation • Conclusions • Cost Analysis • Time Analysis • Future Projects • Acknowledgements • Wright Aviation in Georgetown, TX • Bill Eldredge and staff • Alan Weaver – Flight Instructor • Check Six Aviation – San Antonio, TX • Mario McGhee – Chief Flight Instructor • Windsock Aviation – Cypress, TX • Gary Ryan and staff Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson Mooney Cessna Cessna

  38. Acknowledgments • Test Results • Projected Flight • Flight Recreation • Conclusions • Cost Analysis • Time Analysis • Future Projects • Acknowledgements • Chuck Barnett • Dr. Ron O. Stearman • Basil Philip • Marcus Kruger • Joshua Foxworth • Jennifer Lehman Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson Mooney Cessna Cessna

  39. Summary • Mooney 305 • Bakersfield, CA accident • Phugoid Mode • Cessna 172H • Falcon Field Accident • Flap settings and Engine Concerns • Flight Testing • Real Flight tests • X-Plane Simulator testing • Successfully demonstrated simulator usefulness Abraham Gutierrez Anh Huy Nguyen Douglas Wilson Mooney Cessna Cessna

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