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Learn about quantum numbers that define atomic orbitals, their shapes, and distances from the nucleus. Explore electron configuration principles, electron spin, valence electrons, periodic table properties, and how to determine valence electrons. Discover key concepts in electron configuration and their applications.
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Quantum Number • Number that specifies the properties of the atomic orbitals • Tells us the distance from the nucleus and the shape of the orbital
Principal Quantum Number • Main level or shell • These are the Bohr energy levels n = 1, n = 2, n = 3 • As n increases, the distance from the nucleus increases
Sublevel • Each main level is divided into sublevels • Four types of sublevels s p d f
S orbitals • Spherical
P orbitals • Dumbell shaped • One dumbell in each axis
Orbital • Each sublevel is made of orbitals • Every orbital can hold 2 electrons
s – 1 orbital – 2 electrons • p – 3 orbitals – 6 electrons • d – 5 orbitals – 10 electrons • f – 7 orbitals – 14 electrons
Main Level Sublevel # orbitals # e in sublevel Total e
Electron Configuration • Arrangement of electrons in an atom • Aufbau Principle – electrons fill into an atom starting with the lowest energy levels
Electron Configuration Polka • F:\Documents\electron configuration.avi
Electron Spin • Way which the electrons rotate on their axis • Pauli Exclusion Principle – in order for two electrons to occupy the same orbital, they must have opposite spin • Write configuration for C S
Higher Order • There are exceptions to the order of filling as you move to higher levels Br
Valence Electrons • Electrons in the last main energy level • These are the electrons involved in chemical reactions • There are a maximum of 8 valence electrons
How to find valence e- • Write configuration and count electrons in last main energy level • Examples: Find valence electrons for C Fe Cl
Draw Dot Structure C Fe Cl
Demitri Mendeleev • First to publish a chart of the elements • Arranged by increasing atomic mass with similar elements in columns
Moseley’s Table • He suggested that the elements are arranged by atomic number rather than atomic mass • Periodic Law – chemical and physical properties are periodic functions of their atomic numbers
Table Properties • Horizontal Rows are called Periods • Vertical Columns are called Groups or Families • For every group or family, the electron arrangement is the same
Configuration from the Table • Group tells end configuration, period tells tells the highest energy level • Ca in group 2 period 4 so it ends in 4s2
Blocks • Chart is broken into blocks based on the orbitals they fill last • Groups 1 and 2 fill s last – called s block • Groups 3 –12 called d block • Groups 13 – 18 called p block • Bottom two rows are the f block
Name the element with the following end configuration • 5s1 • 2s22p3 • 4s23d6 • 3s23p6 • 6s25d9
