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The Bedouins and the Birth of Islam: A Historical Journey through the Arabian Peninsula

This chapter explores the nomadic Bedouins of the Arabian Peninsula, who roamed the deserts seeking seasonal pastures for their herds around 500 AD. These early Islamic peoples engaged in trade with settled tribes and protected caravan routes. Central to this narrative is Muhammad, the prophet of Islam, born in Mecca in 570 AD. The significant events in his life, including his vision and the Hijra to Yathrib (Medina) in 622 AD, mark the establishment of Islam and its key practices, including prayer, pilgrimage, and the teachings of the Quran.

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The Bedouins and the Birth of Islam: A Historical Journey through the Arabian Peninsula

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  1. Chapter 10 Islam

  2. Bedouins • Who: nomadic herders • What: moved through the desert to reach seasonal pasturelands for their animals; predecessors the Islamic peoples • Where: southwest Asia, Middle East • When: 500 • Why: they traded with settled Arab tribes in oasis towns; & protected caravan routes

  3. Bedouins (6) • Who: nomadic herders • What: moved through the desert to reach pasturelands for their herds • Where: Arabian penin, ME • When: 500 AD • Why: competition for water & grazing land led to warfare; predecessors of the Islamic ppl

  4. Muhammad • Who: prophet of Islam • What: messenger of God, he founded the Islamic faith • Where: Mecca, Arabian peninsula • When: 570-632? • Why: he was troubled by the morals of society & would meditate in the hills- heard an angel’s voice telling him “There is one God and one ppl” = the basis of Islamic faith, he started the Islam religion

  5. Muhammad (6) • Who: Arab prophet of Islam; founder of Islam • What: established the Muslim faith after receiving a vision that told him there was only one God • Where: Mecca, Arabian penin., ME • When: 570-632 AD • Why: the Muslim faith has greatly influenced modern culture and would not exist w/o him

  6. Workbook part A • 570- Muhammad was born • 595- Muhammad meets Khadija (his wife) • 622- faced w. threat of murder, M & his followers left Mecca for Yathrib (Medina); this marked the 1st year of the Islamic calendar- this journey was known as the Hijra • 630- Muhammad returned to Mecca • 632 Muhammad died

  7. Mecca • Who: Muslims, Muhammad • What: a market town at the crossroads of several trading routes, where Muhammad was born, where Islam was founded • Where: Arabian peninsula, Middle East • When: 570 AD • Why: this is where Muhammad the prophet was born; the Islamic religion was founded here; the Kaaba is here

  8. Mecca (6) • Who: Arabs & Muslims, Muhammad • What: a bustling market town that is at the crossroads of many trading routes • Where: Southern Arabian penin, ME • When: 570 • Why: the trading in the area helped make merchants wealthy; this is where M was born; this is where Islam was founded; this is where the Kaaba is located

  9. Yathrib • Who: Muhammad & his followers • What: a city that M & his followers flee to to avoid death; the journey here is known as the Hijra, a city near Mecca • Where: Arabian peninsula, ME • When: 622 • Why: this city is where Muhammad & his followers escaped to avoid murder; it was later renamed Medina

  10. Hijra • Who: Muhammad & his followers • What: the journey from Meccca to Yathrib (Medina) of Muhammad & his followers • Where: Arabian penin, ME • When: 622 AD * • Why: they left Mecca b.c. of the threat of murder= went to Yathrib (Medina) = this journey marks the 1st year on the Islamic calendar (beginning of Islam); today Muslims complete this journey as part of their religion

  11. Hijra (6) • Who: Muhammad & his followers • What: a religious journey from Mecca to Yathrib • Where: from Mecca to Yathrib (Medina), Arabian penin, ME • When: 622 * • Why: this journey led M & his followers to safety = marked the 1st year of the Islamic calendar = Islam was now a religion

  12. Medina • Who: M & his followers • What: city that was renamed this, used to be Yathrib • Where: Arabian penin, ME • When: 622 AD • Why: M visited here and it became known as “City of the prophet” & was renamed Medina; his journey to here marked the 1st year on the Islamic calendar

  13. Kaaba (Ka’ba) • Who: Muslims • What: a temple that Muslims believed Abraham built to worship God • Where: Mecca, Arabain penin, ME • When: 630 • Why: this became the most holy place in Islam; Muslims travel here to pay homage to Islam & Allah

  14. Quran • Who: Muslims • What: the sacred text of Islam • Where: Mecca, Arabian penin, ME • When: 622 • Why: this states that ppl are responsible for theoir own actions, teaches God is all powerful & compassionate; lists the 5 pillars of the faith: Declaration of the faith; Daily prayer, Alms for the poor, Fasting, Hajj

  15. Mosques • Who: Muslims • What: a house of worship for the Islamic faith • Where: Southwestern Asia, Mecca, ME • When: 622- present • Why: the second pillar of faith in the Islam religion is prayer- Muslims often meet in the mosque in order to pray

  16. Hajj • Who: Muslim pilgrims • What: a pilgrimage to Mecca to participate in ceremonies commemorating the actions of Muhammad • Where: Mecca to Medina • When: 622- present • Why : their simple attire symbolized the abandonment of the material world for God; the 5th pillar for Muslims- they must make this journey 1 time in their life

  17. Jihad • Who: Muslims • What: struggle in God’s service, a personal duty of Muslims who focus on overcoming immortality w/in themselves; religious war • Where: Arabian penin, ME • When: 600s • Why: this is a duty of the Muslims to defend their religion = still around today

  18. Sharia • Who: Muslim scholars • What: a body of law that includes interpretations of the Quran, Islamic law • Where: Arabian penin, ME • When: 600s • Why: this regulates moral conduct, life, business practices, and government in Islamic nations and for Islamic ppl

  19. Workbook part B • 3 main Bubbles: • Quran • Sacred text of Islam • Sharia law • 5 pillars of Islam • Declaration of faith • Pray 5 times daily • Give charity to the poor • Fast during Ramadan (don’t eat) • Make Hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca once in your lifetime

  20. Section 2

  21. Abu Bakr • Who: Muhammad’s father in law • What: the first Caliph (leader after M’s death) • Where: ME • When: 632 • Why: he is the first successor after Muhammad died & led the Islamic religion after M was gone; he encouraged Muslims to follow God not M = ppl leaving Islam; however, converted many ppl to Islam = Islam grew; military campaigns to spread Islam

  22. Caliph • Who: Abu Bakr • What: successor to Muhammad in leading the Islamic faith; the leaders of Islam religion after M • Where: Arabian penin, ME • When: 632- • Why: M died, Muslims were searching for a new leader= the Caliph was the leader that led the religion after M; the 1st 4 caliphs had successful military campaigns; the disagreement over who should be leader = Sunni v Shiite

  23. Sunni • Who: Muslims • What: a large group of Muslims that formed the majority of Muslims, believed leader should be chosen • Where: Arabian penin, ME • When: 600s • Why: they felt that any good Muslim could lead the community since there was no prophet after M; felt that the leader should be a pious, male Muslim & should be chosen

  24. Shiite • Who: Muslims • What: a smaller group of Muslims that wanted to leave the larger community of Muslims based on who should be leader • When: 600s- present • Where: Arabian penin, ME • Why: M died = Muslims disagreed who should be leader = this grp of Muslims said it must be a descendant of M through his daughter & son in law Ali; they believe the descendants are divinely inspired and meant to rule.

  25. Sunni v. Shiite (both) workbook pg 92 • Sunni: • Largest group (90%) • Believed the leader of Islam should be good, pious male Muslim • Iran • Shiite: • Smaller group (10%) • Believed the leader of Islam shoud be a descendant of M • Iraq Both: Allah, Quran, worship in a Mosque, obey 5 pillars

  26. Sufis • Who: Muslim mystics • What: a small group of Muslims that sought communion w. Allah through meditation, fasting, and other rituals • Where: Arab. Penin, ME • When: 600s • Why: they helped spread Islam by traveling, preaching, & being good examples; they carried their faith to remote villages where they blended local traditions & Muslim beliefs ; were very pious & some thought to be mystical

  27. Umayyad • Who: Meccan Muslims • What: a dynasty of Sunni caliphs that rules a Muslim Empire until 750 • Where: Mecca, Arabian penin, ME • When: 650-750 • Why: their conquests enabled the spread of Islam & Muslim civilization; spread as far Spain; try to conquer Constantinople; they were successful militarily b.c. they were stronger than other empires; they created an effective govt; they were restrictive on ppl they conquered- forcing ppl to convert; eventually they couldn’t govern effectively & were taken over by Abbasid

  28. Abbasid • Who: Muslims, Abu al-Abbas, Shiite, & non Arab Muslims • What: a Shiite Muslim dynasty founded by Abu al-Abbas • Where: Baghdad, ME • When: 750-1258 • Why: tried to create an empire based on equality of all Muslims; halted the large military conquest; the empire reached its’ greatest wealth & power; Muslim civilization flourished; created a more sophisticated bureaucracy & encouraged learning; Moved capital to Baghdad; Persian traditions influenced the empire

  29. Baghdad • Who: Shiite Abbasid Muslims • What: a new capital the Abbasid Caliphate created • Where: Arabian penin, ME • When: 750-1258 • Why: the caliph’s palace was in the center of this new capital city; poets, artists, scholars flocked here during the Abbasid rule; it exceeded Constantinople in size & wealth= became the grandest capital during this time

  30. Minarets • Who: Muslims • What: slender towers that are part of the mosques • Where: Arabian penin, ME • When: 600s- present • Why: Muslims (Meuzzins) would climb to the top and call all the Muslims to prayer 5 times a day

  31. Sultan • Who: leader of the Muslim Turkish ppl • What: a ruler of the Turks • Where: Arabian penin, ME • When: 600s • Why: this leader was different from the Caliph- the Caliph was the religious leader of Islam; the Sultan was the political leader of the Turkish empires that were Muslim

  32. Workbook pg 90 part B • Copy the timeline on pg. 129 of your book

  33. Section 3

  34. Social Mobility • Who: Muslim people • What: the ability to move up or down in social classes, up or down on the social pyramid • Where: Arabian penin, ME • When: 8th & 9th centuries (700s,800s) • Why: people could improve their social rank through religious, scholarly or military achievements

  35. Calligraphy • Who: Muslims • What: the art of beautiful handwriting • Where: Arabian penin, ME • When: 688 • Why: artists worked the flowing Arabic script into decorations on buildings; major characteristic of Muslim art; gave to the rest of the world (i.e. Western Europe)

  36. Section 3 Workbook- Muslim Achievements Look on the website for “Section 3 workbook answers”

  37. Section 4

  38. Delhi • Who: Sultan • What: a capital of the northern plains of India • Where: India • When: 1100s-present • Why: this was the capital of a Sultanate (land ruled by a sultan); the Delhi Sultanate ruled India 1206-1526 which marked the start of Muslim rule in India- now there are Muslims & Hindus in India

  39. Rajahs • Who: Muslims, local Hindu rulers • What: a local Hindu ruler that would be left in charge of a region of India by the real Muslim rulers (Sultan) • Where: India • When: 1206-1526 • Why: The Muslims came into India to rule = some would leave these local Hindu rulers in charge of their region in India = this showed a blending of cultures b/n the Hindus & Muslims

  40. Sikhism • Who: Nanuk, Indian holy man • What: a new religion that was created in Northern India • Where: India • When: 1300s • Why: this blended Indian Islamic & Hindu beliefs together to make one religion; it preached unity of God, brotherhood of men, rejection of caste system (social structure); no to idol worship; believe reincarnation; later organized into military forces that clashed with Mughal (Muslim empire) rulers

  41. Babur • Who: descended from Genghis Khan & Tamer Lane • What: military genius, poet, & author; Mughal leader that started the Mughal Dynasty in Muslim India • Where: India • When: 1526 • Why: he got rid of the remnants of the Delhi Sultanate; set up Mughal Dynasty (1526-1857); his grandson was Akbar the Great

  42. Mughal • Who: Muslim Mongol armies • What: Persian word for Mongol, a dynasty that took over Delhi Sultanate in India • Where: India • When: 1526-1857 • Why: they conquered the Delhi Sultanate in India, est a Muslim dynasty; great rulers of the dynasty: Babur, Akbar, & Shah Jahan; great achievements were left to India from this dynasty

  43. Akbar • Who: chief builder of the Mughal dynasty, Akbar the Great • What: ruler of Mughal dynasty; created strong central gov’t • Where: India • When: 1556-1605 • Why: he created a strong gov’t = Akbar the great; Muslim ruler that respected Hindu ppl- married a Hindu princess to show his tolerance of the other religion; he gave Hindus gov’t jobs

  44. Shah Jahan • Who: Akbar’s grandson, Mughal ruler • What: known for building the Taj Mahal • Where: India • When: 1658- • Why: his rule was during the highpoint of the Mughal dynasty- art, literature, & architecture; built the Taj Mahal- most well-known monument in Indian history

  45. Taj Mahal • Who: Shah Jahan, Mumtaz (his wife) • What: a tomb that Shah Jahan built for his wife • Where: India, • When: 1658 • Why: Shah Jahan loved his wife soooo much that he built this grand tomb for her when she died; this became the most well-known monument in Indian history; took 20 years to build = really $$$$ = bankrupt India b.c. he had to increase taxes of the ppl

  46. Section 5

  47. Ottomans • Who: Turkish speaking nomadic people • What: migrated into northwestern Asia (where the Byzantine Empire was) & took over; Muslim empire • Where: northwestern Asia (where the ByzEmp was) • When: 1453-1914 • Why: they conquered the ByzEmp & created the Ottoman Empire; they rename Constantinople to Istanbul; powerful empire that controlled this region- Suleyman & Janissaries; taken over by more powerful empires in 1914

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