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Data Collection: Institutional Approval, Research Participants, and Procedures

This chapter discusses the important considerations for data collection, including obtaining institutional approval, selecting research participants, determining sample size, selecting apparatus or instruments, writing clear instructions, scheduling participants, and following the proper procedure.

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Data Collection: Institutional Approval, Research Participants, and Procedures

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  1. Data Collection ♣ Chapter 13 Back to Brief Contents • Procedure  • Institutional Approval  • Data Collection  • Consent to Participate  • Debriefing, or Post-experimental Interview  • Introduction  • Research Participants  • Sample Size  • Apparatus and/or Instruments  • Instructions  • Scheduling of Research Participants 

  2. 13.0 Introduction Back to Chapter Contents • Prior to actuallycollectingdata there are many decisions that must be made, from identifying research participants to writing instructions and getting approval from the IRB • This chapter will review many of these issues

  3. 13.1 Research Participants 1/3 Back to Chapter Contents • Factor that should determine the organism used: research question • Factor often used: Precedent (previous studies) • Typical research organisms: rats and college students • Obtaining Animals (Rats) • Obtaining Human Participants • Gender Bias

  4. 13.1 Research Participants 2/3 Back to Chapter Contents • Obtaining Animals (Rats) • Purchase from commercial source • Obtaining Human Participants • College students: participant pool • Alternative to other requirement (e.g. term paper) • Internet—can give access to participants with special characteristics • Other human participants—have to identify available sources and get volunteers from these sources

  5. 13.1 Research Participants 3/3 Back to Chapter Contents • Gender Bias • Most studies: make use of male participants • Male rats vs. female rats: 4-day estrus cycle • Male only: (e.g.) achievement motivation • Internal validity: OK • External validity: Psychology of predominately male behavior

  6. 13.2 Sample Size Back to Chapter Contents • Is an issue in multi-participant research • Need enough to detect an effect if one exists; as number increases, ability to detect an effect increases • Power • Ability to reject a false null hypothesis • Power is a function of three things: • Probability level (α), Sample size, Effect size • If power is known, probability level and effect size can calculate sample size Tab 13.1

  7. 13.3 Apparatus and/or Instruments Back to Chapter Contents • Involves selecting the right equipment or instruments to present the IV and to measure the DV • Microcomputer • (e.g.) EEG, ERPFig 13.1 • fMRI, PET • Journal devoted to Apparatus and Instruments: Behavioral Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers

  8. 13.4 Instructions Back to Chapter Contents • Purpose — • Define the task • Direct attention • Develop a set • Motivate the participant • Ineffective instructions —relax or pay attention (e.g.) • Do not request several incompatible operations at the same time (e.g. quickly & accurately) • Should be clear, unambiguous and specific; not be too complex, even redundant

  9. 13.5 Scheduling of Research Participants Back to Chapter Contents • Rats— lighting cycle • Dark phase: eating, drinking, etc. • Light phase: sleeping, inactivity • leave the light on 24-hr so they will not form a schedule based on the light/dark phase of the lighting schedule • Humans—must schedule when they are available and you can conduct the study • Fail to show up • Allow for limited rescheduling • Some P not want to rescheduling: replacementP (More P must be selected)

  10. 13.6 Procedure 1/3 Back to Chapter Contents • Involves specification of the sequence of events. • Animals—specifying everything from care in the laboratory to performance in the study • Humans—specifying everything from scheduling of participants to debriefing • Internet study—have series of “warm-up” trials

  11. 13.6 Procedure 2/3 Back to Chapter Contents • Pilot study— is typically a must to insure that • All scheduled events are appropriate and do not have any difficulties • The experimenter has experience with implementing the study so it flows smoothly • Can also assess effectiveness of the IV

  12. 13.6 Procedure 3/3 Back to Chapter Contents • Pilot study— is typically a must to insure that • Internet studies—complete it yourself in addition to pilot participants • Give you information on how it feels to be in this type of study • Give information on if the study works in your browser and if the data is returned in the desired way

  13. 13.7 Institutional Approval Back to Chapter Contents • Animal studies must receive approval from Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) • Looks at issues such as pain and discomfort to animals • Human studies must receive approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) • Must submit even if the study falls into the exempt(被豁免的) category • Primary concern is with human welfare

  14. 13.8 Data Collection Back to Chapter Contents • Primary rule is to adhere to the sequence established

  15. 13.9 Consent to Participate Back to Chapter Contents • Must get the participants’ consent to participate prior to using them as participants • Must prepare a “consent to participate form” that • Informs them of all aspects that may influence their decision to participate • Must be presented in a language they can understand • Assent must be obtained from minors • Only exception is when the study falls into the exempt category

  16. 13.10 Debriefing, or Postexperimental Interview 1/3 Back to Chapter Contents • Explaining all aspects of the experiment and answering any questions • Debriefing Functions • Ethical • Educational • Methodological • Sense of satisfaction from scientific contribution

  17. 13.10 Debriefing, or Postexperimental Interview 2/3 Back to Chapter Contents • How to Debrief • Types • Post-experimental survey • Interview

  18. 13.10 Debriefing, or Postexperimental Interview 3/3 Back to Chapter Contents • How to Debrief • How to structure debriefing • If deception is used, would first want to probe for suspicions (e.g. asking if they have any questions) • Next should explain reason for deception • Then should explain the entirestudy in detail • Last part of debriefing should be geared to convincing participant not to communicate the study to others

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