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Newly Industrialized Countries • NICs • Asian Tigers • Taiwan, S. Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore • Make up the Pacific Rim economic region

Cities and Urban Land Use UNIT VII

Intro • URBANIZATION • The growth and diffusion of city landscapes and urban lifestyles • About 10 million people die each year because of hazardous conditions caused by overcrowding and inadequate infrastructure support in areas experiencing explosive urbanization

Urban Hearth Areas • Hearths of Urban civilizations… origin points

Urban Population Size • At least 3.5 billion people live in Urban areas… ½ the world’s population • What makes an Urban center depends on time and culture • Ancient civilizations had Urban areas with only 2000-20000 • Mesopotamia’s Ur had 200000 • Modern day Baghdad has 7 million

Cont… • May also depend on where you are • Portugal considers 10000 people a city • Ethiopia considers 2000 people a city • Norway… ONLY 200 PEOPLE ARE CONSIDERED A CITY • Overall, cities are usually places with populations considered large for its time and place

Metropolitan Statistical Area • MSA • Describes a geographic unit of area that includes a central city and all its immediately interacting counties, with commuters and people directly connected to the central city • An MSA is an urbanized region with a minimum of 50000 people in it • Ex. Raleigh, Durham, Chapel Hill in N.C. are individual cities but as they have sprawled outward and become interconnected they have become one big MSA

Megalopolis • A massive urban “blob” of overlapping, integrated metropolitan areas, whose distinctive boundaries are increasingly becoming difficult to find • Boswash Corridor • Boston/Washington DC area

Micropolitan Statistical Area • An area of the surrounding counties integrated into a central city with a population of 10000-50000 • Many former rural areas have been reclassified as micropolitan statistical areas • Fast Fact • With approximately 33 million residents Tokyo was by far the most populated urban agglomeration in the world • NYC, in comparison “only” has around 20 million

Economic Diversity • The economy of a place is another layer in classifying it as rural or urban • Cities often have more diversity in economic activities • Japan defines a city as a place with at least 50,000 inhabitants, 60% or more of whom are engaged in trade, manufacturing, or other nonagricultural activities

Cont… • Once ancient civilizations could grow surplus food, economic diversity occurred • Money developed • Records were written • Laws were codified • Services provided • Surrounding farmland grew to support cities • Usually the larger the city the more economically diverse it is

Cultural Diversity • Culture diversity also plays a role in defining a city • Can help distinguish it apart from Rural areas

A definition? • Geographers use factors such as the size of the population in a given historical and geographic context, economic diversity, governmental organization, delineated boundaries, and cultural complexity to analyze the degree to which a place is considered urban

Hearths of Urbanization • Earliest cities around 3500 bc and sprawled from agricultural villages • Mesopotamia (between Tigris and Euphrates… modern Iraq) • Indus River valley (in modern Pakistan) • Nile valley (modern Egypt) • Huang He river valley (modern China) • Mexico • Peru

Qualities of Urban Hearths • Dependable water supply • Long growing season • Domesticated plants and animals • Plenty of building materials • System of writing and records

Cont… • As opposed to cities that grew from agricultural areas… some grew from marketplaces, where traders came together • Many of these places grew near waterways and overland trade routes • Urbanism spread west through the Mediterranean because of Greek, Roman, and Phoenician traders • Spread east through trade routes in Persia and Pakistan to the rest of Asia

Cont… • Even early on specialization occurred… eventually evolving into a global economic network of specialized cities, like Hollywood making movies

Preindustrial Cities • Cities prior to industrialization • Still shared a lot of post industrial traits • Rural settlements that surround the city provided agricultural products • City provided economic functions to the rural areas

Colonial Cities • Contained European imprints • Wide boulevards and prominent structures evoking classical architecture • Constructed with the aim of exporting raw materials back to the “Mother Country”

Cont… • By the 1500s most cities located in an arch of trade center that extended from LONDON to TOKYO • Called the URBAN BANANA • Power resulted from both SITE and SITUATION • SITE • The physical and cultural characteristics of a place • SITUATION • Relates to how a city fits into the larger network • Ex. Proximity to trade routes and other urban areas

Cont… • Preindustrial cities often had a diverse mix of economic functions in any given space, as opposed to specific zoning • Everything was jumbled together • However… Wealthy lived closer to the city center • Guilds in Feudal cities may lead to agglomerations that might resemble zoning

Industrialization and City structure • In 1800, only 5% lived in cities • 1950…16% • 2012… over 50% • What caused this? • Diffusion of Industrialization • 75% of population in MDCs are Urban • Only 40% of population in LDCs are Urban • Africa and Asia are the least urbanized (but Asia has a greater quantity in cities) • In 2001, 35% of Africa was urbanized • N. America is most urbanized • 80% of the people in Urban areas

Cont… • The European Industrial revolution and its related imperialism triggered this diffusion of city growth • Factories and Urban jobs attracted the rural people who struggled at farm living • Remember Industrial Revolution started in England • In England… 1800/24% urban… 1999/99% urban • The Demographic Transition model supports this

Cont… • Population growth and urban migration led to overwhelming urban populations • Chicago…1750=30000… in 1830 = 500000… 1900=1.5 million • Along with growth came slums, pollution, deadly fires, urban prostitution, exploitation of children • SHOCK CITIES • Urban places experiencing infrastructural challenges related to massive urbanization

Industrial Cities • Primary function was to make and distribute manufactured products

Urban Systems • An interlocking system of cities that operate within a network of spatial interactions • Urban areas are INTERDEPENDENT not independent

Christaller’s Central Place Model • Looks to explain and predict the pattern of urban places across the map • Once again… modeled on a perfect world • Flat land • Uniform population distribution • Equal transportation • An evolutionary movement towards cities

Central Place Model • 4 main ideas • Central places provide services to the HINTERLAND (market area) • THRESHOLD • Minimum number of people needed to support a function • RANGE • Maximum distance a person is willing to travel • SPATIAL COMPETITION • Central places compete with each other from customers

Urban Hierarchy • A system of cities consisting of various levels, with only a few cities at the highest levels • Position determined by the types of central place functions a city provides • Central places at the top provide higher range and high threshold functions • Lowest level cities provide small range and small threshold funtions

Applying the Central Place Theory • As cities move up the rankings other cities take their place • Population in the US South and West have increased

Rank size rule • The nth largest city will be 1/n the size of the region’s largest city’s population • Ex. The 4th largest city will be ¼ the size of the largest city • USA is an example

Primate city rule • Disproportionately large cities • The largest city is more than 2 times the size of the second largest city • PRIMACY CITIES • Buenos Aires, Argentina is 10x the size of Rosario (the second largest city) • Has a high degree of PRIMACY • Paris, France is 5x the size of Lyon

Primate city cont… • When a city dominates it demonstrates high degree of CENTRALITY or possession of central place functions • Ex. Managua, Nicaragua • 30% of total population • 40% of country’s economy

World Cities • Powerful cities that control a disproportionately high level of the world’s economic, political, and cultural activities • May be called global cities • 1600s… London, Lisbon, Amsterdam • 1700s… Rome and Paris • 19th century… Berlin, Chicago, NYC, St. Petersburg • 20th century and today… Tokyo, NYC, London

Panregional influence • Its range extends beyond N. America into two other centers of economic control

Megacities • Have more than 10 million inhabitants • Has a large amount of Central Place Functions

Modern trends in Urbanization • Rate of Urbanization • Speed at which the population is becoming urban • LDCs have a higher rate of urbanization • Level of Urbanization • The percentage of people already considered urban • In the US about 75% is urban • MDCs have higher levels

Cont… • MDC cities are fading from the largest cities list • Large migration streams of young adults moving from rural to urban in pursuit of jobs challenge an already strained urban area • Unable to find housing… many new migrants build SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS (BARRIADAS) • Makeshift, unsafe housing constructed from any scraps they can find on land they neither own or rent • Estimated 600 million • 33% of world’s urban households live in absolute poverty

Fast fact • Nearly 60% of households in Lagos, Nigeria and Nairobi, Kenya are not connected to running water

Models of Urban Systems

Borchert Model of Urban Evolution • Stage 1 • Cities that first grew during the “sail wagon” era of the 1790s to 1830s • Near ports and waterways • Stage 2 • “iron horse” cities • Born and grew around rivers and canals • Railroad and steamboat time • 1830-1870

Cont… • Stage 3 • “steel epoch” • 1870-1920 • Powered by steel industry • Around great lakes region • Stage four • Born around 1920 • Car and air travel • Saw more influence in south

Cultural and Regional Urban Diversity

Functional Character of Contemporary Cities

Basic vs. Non-Basic • Basic • Basic brings in money • Gives a city its primary function • Ex. Flint, MI… auto industry • Non-Basic • Shifts money within a city not outside • Provides functions to locals

Multiplier Effect • Adding Basic jobs adds more non-basic jobs • NOT vice versa • The addition of a basic job multiples the number of jobs within a community

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