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Explore major, controversial social issues and propose viable solutions through a well-developed persuasive speech. Support your solution with research-based evidence and address concerns and counterclaims.
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Turn in your Socratic seminar follow-up. • Take out your Huck Finn books and I’ll collect them while you write the journal. • Write Journal #28 (15 minutes): • Freewrite…what is on your mind today?
Please take out the following handouts: • “Corn Pone Opinions” • CARRDSS – Process for Evaluating Sources • Controversial Social Issue Library research
Upcoming assignment: Controversial Issue Research and Persuasive Speech • SITUATION: In today’s world, we face many difficult situations that organizations and governments try desperately to improve. Mark Twain’s writings addressed some of the important social problems of its time in his books and essays. In America, we still struggle with many social problems: homelessness, partisan politics, poverty, violence, invasion of privacy, and immigration policy, to name a few. Many of us feel strongly about what the “perfect world” would or should look like. What becomes a problem is that we do not all agree on the solutions.
Upcoming assignment: Controversial Issue Research and Persuasive Speech • ASSIGNMENT: Write and deliver a well-developed persuasive speech that explores a viable solution to a major, controversial social problem. • Explain the controversial issue (problem) and the impact it has on society. • Propose a solution and support your solution with research-based evidence. • Acknowledge the concerns, biases and counterclaims about this issue and the reasons people would disagree with your solution. • Carefully refute these opposing viewpoints by arguing the validity of your claim and addressing the value and credibility of your gathered sources in support of your argument.
Content Standards: Listening and speaking strategies Organization and delivery of oral communications • 1.6 Use logical, ethical, and emotional appeals that enhance the specific tone and purpose.
LOGOS (Logic) PATHOS (Emotion) ETHOS (Ethics)
Types of Appeals • LOGOS (Logical argument): Appeals to the rational intellect • Appeals using facts, statistics, and other logical arguments. • PATHOS (Emotional argument): Appeals to emotional passions, needs and will • Appeals to deeply held values, feelings and needs. • ETHOS (Ethical argument): Appeals to the kind of person you are • Appeals to sense of what is right or wrong based on life experience, education, honesty, reputation
California Content StandardsAnalysis and Evaluation of Oral and Media Communications • 1.13 Analyze the four basic types of persuasive speech (i.e. propositions of fact, value, problem or policy) and understand the similarities and differences in their patterns of organization and the use of persuasive language, reasoning and proof.
Types of Persuasive Speech • Propositions of fact • Propositions of value • Propositions of problem • Propositions of policy
Propositions of Fact (fact claims) • A proposition of fact is a statement about how things were in the past, how they are in the present, or how they will be in the future. • A fact claim is not always a fact; it only claims to be a fact. • For example, "The Earth is round" is a proven fact. • "In our right-handed world, left-handed people are discriminated against" is a fact claim. • Can you prove that? That’s what research is for…is there research that backs up this fact claim?
Write one propositions of fact (fact claims) for your persuasive speech topic here:
Propositions of Value (value claims) • A proposition of value is an arguable statement concerning the value (merit) of something which is measured subjectively. • “Los Angeles is a better place to go for summer vacation than San Diego." • What makes a value claim arguable is that different people may disagree on the criteria used to evaluate something (e.g., weather, live entertainment, water sports). • Differing propositions of value may be used to argue the value of a variety of topics (e.g., movies, styles of living, community organizations, or the value of a proposed solution to a problem).
Write one propositions of value (value claim) for your persuasive speech topic here:
Propositions of Problem (problem claims) • A proposition of problem is when the main point or viewpoint that the speaker/writer sets out to establish or defend is put in terms of a problem that needs solving. • Presenting a problem claim requires that the speaker offer one or more viable solutions. • It is not the same as propositions of fact or value or policy in that it centers on a problem and follows a problem/solution organizational format.
Propositions of Problem (problem claims) • Your persuasive speech will begin with a problem claim, which is really your thesis. • You claim something is a problem…and you offer evidence to prove it is a problem.
Write a proposition of problem (problem claim) for your persuasive speech topic here:
Proposition of Policy (policy claim) • A proposition of policy is a statement regarding the merits of one course of action as opposed to other courses of action--it sets out a policy to act upon. • What makes proposition of policy arguable is that, even though people and institutions may not be totally certain about the proper course of action to take, they still must act. • To argue in defense of a policy claim is to state that, given the knowledge we have at the present time, it is best to act in the manner proposed rather than in some alternative way.
Proposition of Policy (policy claim) • Your persuasive speech, your proposed solution is a proposition of policy. • You propose a solution and then offer evidence regarding the merits of your recommended course of action over other courses of action. • To argue in defense of your policy claim you set out to prove that, given the knowledge we have at the present time, it is best to act in the manner YOU propose rather than in some alternative way.
Write one propositions of policy (policy claim) for your persuasive speech topic here (this would be your proposed solution stated as a policy proposal):
Content Standards • 1.12 Identify logical fallacies used in oral addresses (e.g. attack ad hominem, false causality, red herring, overgeneralization, bandwagon effect).
California Content StandardsReading – Expository Critique • 2.6 Critique the power, validity, and truthfulness of arguments set forth in public documents; their appeal to both friendly and hostile audiences; and the extent to which the arguments anticipate and address reader concerns and counterclaims (e.g., appeal to reason, to authority, to pathos and emotion).
Vocabulary word (definitions from freeonlinedictionary.com) fallacy (noun) plural is fallacies 1. A false notion. 2. A statement or an argument based on a false or invalid inference. 3. Incorrectness of reasoning or belief; erroneousness. 4. The quality of being deceptive.
LOGICAL FALLACY • incorrect, invalid or deceptive logic • An argument presented as true but is either not true, not credible or not provable—in other words, not logically sound.
Logical Fallacies: Ad Hominem • "Ad Hominem" means "against the man" or "against the person." • An Ad Hominem is when a claim or argument is rejected on the basis of some irrelevant fact about the author or the person presenting the claim or argument. • “Example: "Andrea Dworkin has written several books arguing that pornography harms women. But Dworkin is an ugly, bitter person, so you shouldn't listen to her." • Dworkin's appearance and character, which the arguer has characterized so ungenerously, have nothing to do with the strength of her argument, so using them as evidence is fallacious.” • http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/fallacies.html#12
Logical Fallacies: Ad Hominem • An ad hominem attack is usually used when one can’t win with logic–it attacks the character or credibility of the person instead.
Ad Hominem • This type of "argument" has the following form: • 1. Person A makes claim X. • 2. Person B makes an attack on person A. • 3. Therefore A's claim is false. The reason why an Ad Hominem (of any kind) is a fallacy is that the character, circumstances, or actions of a person do not (in most cases) have a bearing on the truth or falsity of the claim being made (or the quality of the argument being made).
Logical Fallacies: Appeal to Authority • An appeal to authority is when an argument is made that something is valid because an authority says it is. • What type of authority you use is what makes the claim more or less valid: • A person who is actually an authority on the topic makes more a more valid claim: • A doctor making a claim that something is good or bad for your health is more valid than if a celebrity claims something is good or bad for your health. • It is a FALLACY that the celebrity is a credible authority. • "We should abolish the death penalty. Many respected people, such as actor Guy Handsome, have publicly stated their opposition to it." While Guy Handsome may be an authority on matters having to do with acting, there's no particular reason why anyone should be moved by his political opinions—he is probably no more of an authority on the death penalty than the person writing the paper.” • http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/fallacies.html#12
Red Herring • A Red Herring is a fallacy in which an irrelevant topic is presented in order to divert attention from the original issue. The basic idea is to "win" an argument by leading attention away from the argument and to another topic. • “For example, if the topic is a new regulation to control air pollution one person may claim that taxes are too high and that there are already too many regulations” (from http://info-pollution.com/herring.htm).
Possible origins of the phrase “Red Herring” • In the 1800s, fugitives in Britain supposedly rubbed a herring across their trail, thereby diverting bloodhounds that were hot in pursuit. • “The Word Detective explains that the curing process turns the fish a red color and lends it a distinctive smell. The fish was tied to a string and dragged through the woods to teach hunting dogs to follow a trail. Later, red herrings may also have been used to confuse the hounds in order to prolong a foxhunt or to test their ability to stay with a scent. • Another handy etymology source, Wilton's Word and Phrase Origins offers a similar explanation, but attributes the use of the herring to poachers, who used the scent to throw the dogs off the trail of game so they could claim the prize for themselves.” • Excerpted from http://ask.yahoo.com on May 12, 2010 REGARDLESS OF THE ORIGIN…A red herring is smelly and certainly distracts attention (which is the point).
Red Herring • This sort of "reasoning" has the following form: • 1. Topic A is under discussion. • 2. Topic B is introduced under the guise of being relevant to topic A (when topic B is actually not relevant to topic A). • 3. Topic A is abandoned. • This sort of "reasoning" is fallacious because merely changing the topic of discussion hardly counts as an argument against a claim.
Examples of Red Herring • "We admit that this measure is popular. But we also urge you to note that there are so many bond issues on this ballot that the whole thing is getting ridiculous." • "I think there is great merit in making the requirements stricter for the graduate students. I recommend that you support it, too. After all, we are in a budget crisis and we do not want our salaries affected." • http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/fallacies.html#12
Overgeneralization (or “hasty generalization”) • A generalization that goes beyond the evidence. • Extending the argument to include broad, unsubstantiated claims. • “All” or “none” or “always” are usually overgeneralizations. • “Writers and speakers can exaggerate in a number of ways. Statements that make sweeping generalizations tend to exaggerate and oversimplify reality, ignoring important details” (http://ksuweb.kennesaw.edu/). Examples: “In times of crisis, every American supports his President.” “All women love to go shoe shopping.”
Bandwagon Effect • The observation that people often do (or believe) things just because many other people do (or believe) the same. • “Jump on the bandwagon…agree with us because everyone else agrees with us…” • An effort to win an argument by ignoring relevant facts and logic and instead appealing to a person’s desire to feel or act like everyone else around him. • Think “Corn Pone Opinions”
Bandwagon Effect Origin of the phrase (from wikipedia.com) • “Literally, a bandwagon is a wagon which carries the band in a parade, circus or other entertainment. • “The phrase "jump on the bandwagon" first appeared in American politics in 1848 when Dan Rice, a famous and popular circus clown of the time, used his bandwagon and its music to gain attention for campaign appearances. As campaigns became more successful, more politicians strove for a seat on the bandwagon, hoping to be associated with the success. • Later, during the time of Willian Jennings Bryan’s 1900 presidential campaign, bandwagons had become standard in campaigns, and "jump on the bandwagon" was used as a derogatory term, implying that people were associating themselves with the success without considering what they associated themselves with.”
