Exploration and Globalization

1. Exploration and Globalization Test and Notebook Due on Friday, April 11, 2014

2. Burst of Exploration in 1400s • Optimism of Renaissance and Technological Progress • Monarchies desired more wealth – sponsored trade expeditions. • Turks were charging tolls on the Spice Roads • New Trade Companies formed • Spread Christianity – RC Church sponsored missionaries

3. Portugal Leads the Way • Prince Henry the Navigator • Developed navigation technology • Most advanced ships – caravels • First to colonize and sail around Africa • Bartholomeu Dias • Find trade routes to India and SE Asia • Vasco Da Gama • Settled and colonized Brazil • Pedro Cabral • Broke Muslim monopoly on the spice trade • Trade Colonies at Goa (India) and Malacca (Indonesia)

4. Spain • Christopher Columbus, 1492 • Explores Cuba, Puerto Rico, Caribbean • Four Voyages Total • Did not realize Americas where not India. • Ferdinand Magellan • Circumnavigation of Globe, 1519-1522 • The Conquistadors – conquered Native American tribes of Latin America and established permanent colonies. • Ecomienda – had legal and financial rights to all lands conquered as long as profits were shared with crown. • Hernan Cortes • Conquered Mexico by 1519 • Francisco Pizarro • Conquered Andes by 1532 • “God, Glory, and Gold” • Bring Catholicism • Expand Spain’s control • Wealth

5. The Treaty of Tordesillas • 1494 • Resolved claim concerns for Spain and Portugal • Spain controls almost all Americas, Portugal retains Africa and Indian trade routes

6. Northern Europe • England • John Cabot • Northwest Passage • Claimed New England • Henry Hudson • Explored Canada, 1610 • Jamestown Colony, Virginia, 1616 • Netherlands • Hudson again, New York, 1609 • France • Colonized Canada under Jacques Cartier and Samuel de Champlain, 1534-1608 • Establish New Orleans and control of Mississippi River

7. Rush for the Americas • Within 100 years, England, Netherlands, France, Spain and Portugal have colonized 80% of North and South America

8. Effect on the Native Americans • Most were initially hospitable; quickly taken advantage of • Major empires completely destroyed by 1550 • Forced labor • Starvation • Disease • Tribes not eradicated forcibly relocated to provide room for European expansion. • Forced to accept European culture.

9. African Slavery Comes to America • Native Americans were not plentiful enough to meet the needs of the land owners. • Sugar – main export from Americas. • African slaves begin to be imported to the Caribbean and Brazil • Traded rum, sugar, and other goods to African slave traders. • Most had been obtained through war.

10. The Triangle of Trade

11. The Middle Passage • The transport of Slaves across the Atlantic. • Slaves were selected for their age, physical appearance, and ability to survive journey. • Males were more desirable than females – used for heavier labor. • Slaves were chained to the floors, fed just enough to stay alive, and not permitted to come above decks for fresh air or sunshine. • 750,000 Africans were transported to Americas between 1500-1600. • Slave ships were death traps –20% of the people on board a slave ship died in route.

12. Effects of Slave Trade on Africa • Coastal Africa Kingdoms initially worked with white traders, but demand became to high. • African kingdoms began to collapse by the 1700s • Declining population • Caused war between neighboring tribes • Entire cultures removed • Relocate to interior areas to avoid white traders • Causes tribal conflicts • Opens up West Coast for European settlement

13. Colonial Cultures and Mercantilism • Permanent settlements • Families transplanted as opposed to individuals • Distinctive Social Classes emerged based on ethnicity. • In North America • Americans – White English settlers, identical culture to England • Creole – French settlers, maintained distinctive French culture • Slaves – created ethnic culture that was a mixture of European and African • Very little mixing of cultures - taboo • In South America • Peninsulares – European settlers who were not permanent • Creole – European settlers who WERE permanent • Mestizo – Mixed European and Native American influence • Mulatto – Mixed Slave and European heritage • Slave – uniquely African cultures maintained • Significant cultural influence on each other • Continent rather uninvolved in administrations – colonial governments established were independent. • Mercantilism – a nation’s wealth is determined by its economic growth and power • Flow of gold and silver causes inflation in European currencies

14. The Ottoman Empire • Most of the Middle East was dominated by the Ottoman Turks from 1453-forward • Initially nomadic, but sack and conquer Constantinople in 1453 • Established a sultanate there, renamed city Istanbul, Invade Europe in 1453, but held back by Hungary • First gunpowder empire – relied on power of firearms to conquer vast areas • Modern military based on janissary elite – actually slaves, but very prestigious in Ottoman society. • Experience a high point under Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent, 1520-1566. • Built great mosques (Hagia Sophia) • Controlled most of Eastern Mediterranean and Asian trade

15. The Safavid Empire • The Old Persian empire was reignited under the rule of the Safavid Sufis, a devout Shiite religious order who claimed to trace their ancestry to Mohammad. • Established capital at Tehran, under Shah (King) Ismail (1501) • Controlled ports along Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean, traded with Europeans, but remained powerful against their influence. • Fought major religious war against the Ottomans (Sunni Muslims), resulted in their defeat at Chaldiran in 1514, failed to expand Shiite Islam • Empire faded out by 1700, emerged as modern state of Iran in 19th century.

16. The Mughals of India & British Control • Great cultural high for India • Peace between Muslim rulers and Hindi majority • Significant expansion to present day borders • Internal disputes and succession issues led to weakness – taken advantage of by Portuguese, French and British traders • Lord Robert Clive and British East India Company bought up trade rights and establish military bases • Had taken over most of India by 1750, received rest from France in 1763.

17. Increasing European Presence in South East Asia • Every European sea power wanted control of the Spice Trade • Portuguese • Controlled the Moluccas (Spice Islands), until turning them over to the Dutch • Goa, India • Presence in Asia lessens; concentrate on Brazil and Gold Coast of Africa • Dutch • Indonesian, Moluccas, only Europeans permitted to trade in Japan • British • Success in India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Macao (China) • French • Eastern Coast of India, Indochina (Vietnam/Loas) • Some kingdoms were resistant at first, but would eventually decline and fall to European pressures in the 19th century.

18. China Regresses • Ming Emperors were interested in exploration • ZhengHe • Explored most of South Pacific and Indian Oceans…may have made it as far as Australia and South America • Emperor believed nothing outside of China was of consequence, cancelled expeditions • Qing Dynasty • Limited interaction with Europeans to port of Macao • Not interested in European goods • Christianity not accepted by masses • Chinese technology stagnates, wealth decreases as staples of economy (cotton, sugar, spices) become available elsewhere

19. Japan Isolates • Tokugawa Shogunate very powerful – but not interested in trading beyond immediate borders. • Initially welcoming of Christian missionaries , but quickly turn against it when missionaries preach against worshipping Emperor as a god. • All Christians and Europeans banned from Japan in 1635 by order of Tokugawa Shogunate. • Only Dutch could trade at Nagasaki…weren’t permitted on Japanese soil…had to stay on boats.

20. The New Global Economy Effects • For the first time in history, the world was completely aware of itself. • Goods flowed from the Old World to New via the Columbian Exchange and trade monopolies shifted from Asia to Europe. • European control of the Spice Trade, and the new availability of sugar, cotton, and tobacco from the Americas hurt the Asian economy and caused its decline. • The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade made a fortune for Europe, but destroyed Africa’s ability to progress along side the rest of the world. • European powers competed with each other for territory, building larger, heavily armed militaries and went into the 18th century in distrust of each other.