GLOBALIZATION AND ISLAM

1. 20 May 2009 GLOBALIZATION AND ISLAM by Dr. M. Umer Chapra Research Advisor Islamic Research and Training Institute Islamic Development Bank Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

2. 1. THE TITLE: CONSISTS OF TWO PARTSPART I: GLOBALIZATION: WHAT DOES IT STAND FOR? • INTEGRATION OF THE WORLD ECONOMY • IS INTEGRATION NECESSARY? • SPECIALIZATION AND DIVISION OF LABOUR • GREATER EFFICIENCY • ACCELERATED DEVELOPMENT • TRADE LEADS TO MUTUAL DEPENDENCE AND PROMOTES BETTTER UNDERSTANDING  • SUCH INTEGRATION IS NOT POSSIBLE WITHOUT THE REMOVAL OF ALL ARTIFICIAL BARRIERS – HENCE LIBERALIZATION – FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS, LABOUR, CAPITAL AND INFORMATION • HOW DOES ISLAM LOOK AT INTEGRATION AND LIBERALIZATION?

3. 2. PART II:ISLAM: IS INTEGRATION ACCEPTABLE IN ISLAM? • THIS CONCEPT IS NOT NEW TO ISLAM • ONE GOD – ONE MANKIND – HUMAN BROTHERHOOD • و ما أرسلنك إلاّ رحمة للعلمين (سورة الانبياء : 107) • و ما كان النّاس إلاّ اُمّةً واحدة فاختلفوا (سورة يونس : 19) • IF MANKIND IS A SINGLE ENTITY, WHY DID IT BECOME DIVIDED? • و ما تفرقوا إلاّ من بعد ما جاءهم العلم بغيا بينهم (سورة الشورى : 14) • WHY IS THERE بغيا بينهم? VESTED INTEREST, PREJUDICES, EXPLOITATION AND MISUSE OF POWER • THESE HAVE LED TO ARTIFICIAL BARRIERS – PREVENTED MUTUAL INTERACTION • INTEGRATION CAN TAKE PALCE ONLY WITHIN THE FRAMDEWORK OF JUSTICE WHICH REQUIRES A SET OF RULES OR VALUES • IS IT OUR DUTY AS MUSLIMS TO REUNITE MANKIND? YES!

4. 3. ISLAM AND JUSTICE • THERE CANNOT BE INTEGRATION WITHOUT JUSTICE – FAIRNESS IN HUMAN INTERACTIONS IS INDISPENSABLE : EVERYONE SHOULD BENEFIT FROM INTEGRATION • THE QUR'AN: • لقد أرسلنا رسلنا بالبينات و أنزلنا معهم الكتاب والميزان ليقوم النّاس بالقسط • ( سورة الحديد : 25) • THE PROPHET: الظُلم ظُلمات يوم القيامة • ABU YUSUF (d. 182 AH / 798 AC) • RENDERING JUSTICE TO THOSE WRONGED AND ERADICATING INJUSTICE ACCELRATES DEVELOPMENT • إنّ العدل و إنصاف المظلوم و تجنب الظلم ، مع ما في ذلك من الأجر (الثواب) ، يزيد به الخراج و تكثر به عمارة البلاد (كتاب الخراج ، ص 111) • IBN TAYMIYYAH • كان العدل أمراً واجباً في كل شيء و علي كل أحد ، والظلم محرماً في كل شيء و لكل أحد ، فلا يحل ظلم أحد أصلاً سواء كان مسلماً أو كافراً ، أو كان ظالماً (مجموع الفتاوى ج 18 ص 166) • IBN KHALDUN • إنّ الظلم مخرب للعُمران (مقدمة ص 288) • ولا سبيل للعمارة إلاّ بالعدل (مقدمة ص 287)

5. 4. JUSTICE REQUIRESوازع (RESTRAINING POWER) ACCORDING TO IBN KHALDUN • WTO CAN PLAY THIS ROLE – HOWEVER, THE RICH AND POWERFUL COUNTRIES ARE TRYING TO DOMINATE IT THE WTO TO SERVE THEIR VESTED INTEREST •  RESULT: • PROTESTS AND ROITS • JUSTICE HAS SUFFERED – INTEGRATION HAS BEEN FRUSTRATED. • THE DOHA ROUND OF TRADE NEGOTIATIONS HAS NOT MADE MUCH PROGRESS

6. 5. FUTURE COURSE OF ACTION FOR MUSLIMS • GIVE UP? NO. • PEACEFUL STRUGGLE? YES • كلمة حق عند سلطان جائر • PEACEFUL STRUGGLE IS THE ONLY ANSWER – USE OF VIOLENCE LEADS TO DESTRUCTION AND FAILURE

7. 6. HOWEVERو PROTECTIVE TARIFFS ARE NOT THE ONLY CAUSE OF MUSLIM UNDERDEVELOPMENT • IBN KHALDUN ‘S MODEL: • POLITICAL AUTHORITY (G) • VALUES (S) • PEOPLE (N) • WEALTH (W) • JUSTICE AND DEVELOPMENT (J AND G)

8. 7. INTEGRATION AND ISLAMIC ECONOMIC THOUGHT • HAVE THE IDEAS OF INTEGRATION AND LIBERALIZATION BECOME REFLECTED PRACTICALLY AS WELL AS THEORETICALLY IN ISLAMIC HISTORY? • PRACTICALLY • THEORETICALLY • IBN KHALDUN (d. 808 AH / 1406 AC): عصبية SOCIAL SOLIDARITY – WITHOUT SOLIDARITY THERE CANNOT BE DIVISION OF LABOUR AND SPECIALIZATION – NECESSARY FOR ACCELERATED DEVELOPMENT • SOLIDARITY IS NOT POSSIBLE WITHOUT JUSTICE

9. 8. ISLAM AND THE NEW GLOBAL ECONOMY • THE NEW GLOBAL ECONOMY STANDS FOR INTEGRATION AND LIBERALIZATION, BUT DOES NOT GIVE TO JUSTICE THE PLACE IT DESERVES – IT RATHER EMPHASIZES NEGOTIATIONS • IN NEGOTIATIONS, IT IS THE RICH AND THE POWERFUL WHO HAVE AN UPPER HAND – SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST – LONG-DRAWN NEGOTIATIONS – THE WEAK ARE FORCED TO YIELD • JUSTICE ON THE OTHER HAND REQUIRES VALUES AND PRINCIPLES – WHEREBY YOU TREAT EQUALS EQUALLY AND UNEQUALS UNEQUALLY • OIL, PETROCHEMICALS, TEXTILES AND AGRICULTURE