Cold War & Postwar Changes

1. Cold War & Postwar Changes Chapter 20 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y9HjvHZfCUI

2. Development of the Cold War Section 1

3. Afraid of Communism • Wanted self-determination for E. Euro. countries (people vote for own type of gov’t.) • Afraid of democracy and capitalism • Afraid countries would not choose Communism, so USSR became a physical presence in many areas U.S. vs. U.S.S.R. Disagreed over Eastern Europe

4. Great Britain backed the anti-Communist forces (although they had to physically pull out troops, etc.) • Communist Peoples’ Liberation Army Civil War in Greece: 1946

5. Speech given by Pres. Truman to Congress in 1947 • U.S. would provide $ to countries threatened by Soviet expansion (esp. Greece and Turkey) • U.S. will fight spread of Communism anywhere and everywhere We will contain communism and not let it expand. Truman Doctrine

6. Designed to rebuild the prosperity and stability of ALL of Europe. • Aid for economic recovery. • Belief: “Communism can’t be successful if an area is economically stable.” Therefore, “key to a stable Europe lies with Germany being economically stable.” • USSR & satellite countries offered aid, said “No thanks.” Marshall Plan(European Recovery Program)

8. West Germany: Federal Republic of Germany (*Bonn) • East Germany: German Democratic Republic (*East Berlin) • Berlin split into 4 sectors (but in reality, two: East and West Berlin). • Berlin is in the middle of Soviet controlled East Germany • Soviets block off supplies to West Berliners  Berlin Airlift. Fate of Germany

9. Communist China • 1949: People’s Republic of China • China officially Communist •  U.S. fears spread of Communism in Asia now, too. • 1st Soviet atomic bomb test—1949 •  U.S. and USSR arms race • ICBMs, hydrogen bomb, etc. • New alliances form (such as the military alliances of pre-WWI) Ha ha! I am Sputnik, and I’m scaring the Americans to pieces! Spread of the Cold War

10. NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization: • U.S., Canada, Iceland, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Netherlands, Portugal, Great Britain, Italy, Denmark, Norway • Eventually, West Germany, Turkey, Greece Alliances

11. Warsaw Pact • USSR’s answer to NATO • USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania Alliances

12. SEATO: Southeast Asia Treaty Organization • France, Pakistan, Thailand, U.S., Great Britain, Philippines, Australia, New Zealand • Huh? Alliances

13. CENTO: Central Treaty Organization • Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Pakistan, U.S. • (By 1950’s, U.S. is allies with 42 countries.) Alliances

14. West Berlin doing fine (thanks to airlift). • East Berlin and East Germany in poverty! Many escape to the West. • Khrushchev (USSR, 1955-1964) puts up a wall between East and West Berlin. • Barbed wire, floodlights, machine guns, mines, dogs. The Wall

15. 1959: Left-wing revolutionary Fidel Castro overthrows Cuban dictator (Batista) • Sets up totalitarian regime in Cuba • U.S. Pres. JFK • Approves plan for Cuban exiles to invade and cause revolt vs. Castro. • “Bay of Pigs Invasion” – Absolute disaster! • Responded to Khrushchev sending in arms (nukes!) to Cuba. • JFK blocks Cuba. • Tense moments. • ALMOST nuclear war??? • Come to an agreement: • JFK won’t invade Cuba; will pull out missiles from Turkey • USSR will not put nukes in Cuba • “13 Days in October”: Oct. 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis

16. 1963: Phone line installed to provide a direct line between the White House and the Kremlin (in Moscow) The Red Line

17. Background: France spent years (decades, actually) in “French Indochina”—both before and after the war • Tried to stop it from becoming Communist • Under leadership of Ho Chi Minh • Northern Vietnam became Communist • They failed; left Vietnam in mid-1950’s Vietnamand the Domino Theory

18. 1964: President Johnson increases # of troops in Vietnam • Northern Vietnam was attempting to make whole country become Communist • Minh was leader • U.S. fear: Vietnam would fall (completely) to Communism, would start a Domino Effect in all of Asia • So, we go in to stop them. • Escalation 1965 – about 1970, then a slowdown. • 1968: Year of heaviest losses Pres. Johnson (eventually) reacts

19. President Nixon decided to end it. • War was costly (people and money) • We were losing • It was very unpopular • Communists essentially had control of all of Vietnam • 1973: final withdrawal; Saigon falls to Communists • Surprise! Dominoes did NOT fall • Nixon went to China to reopen diplomatic relations • Showed that U.S. was not “all that”. We CAN lose. We ARE fallible. (More in ch. 24) Nixon ends war

20. Section 2 The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe

21. Stalin: covered up true losses from WWII • (possibly 30% of population lost!) • Returned to industrial methods of 1930’s • Produce lots of goods for export, esp. machinery, equipment, “heavy industry” • Produce few consumer goods for Soviet peoples • Housing shortages • Continued “purges” of enemies, etc. • Died March 5th, 1953 USSR

22. Khrushchev came to power • De-Stalinization: erase the “memory” of Stalin • Criticized Stalin’s policies and practices • Loosened things up just a tiny bit • Produced more consumer goods • Increased ag production (although it didn’t work well)  • Increased military spending  • Hurt Soviet economy + Foreign policy failures •  Forced into retirement and “erased” from memory 1953 – 1964 USSR

23. Life in a Siberian labor camp • Set in the 1950’s • Published in 1962 • 1st book of it’s kind to be published in USSR criticizing Stalin’s regime Solzhenitsyn demonized by most of USSR, but eventually received recognition One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich

24. USSR brought Communism in and controlled the Communist gov’t. of: • East Germany, Bulgaria, Romania, Poland and Hungary • Between 1945 – 1947 • (Czechoslovakia in 1948) • Albania and Yugoslavia were under the leadership of Tito • Remained Communist, but were relatively free of Soviet control 1953 – 1980 Eastern Europe

25. Adopted 5-year plans • Focused heavily on the manufacturing of heavy industry items instead of consumer goods • Collectivized ag • Established secret police, military, etc. • Eliminated all non-Communist political parties • USSR exploited the peoples  resentment and hostility; Communist not wholeheartedly adopted The Soviet-controlledEastern European Countries

26. After Stalin died, some tried to walk away from USSR. • Wasn’t allowed, esp. in Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary • A few revolts; tried free elections in Poland, Hungary; USSR stopped it • In Czechoslovakia, “Little Stalin” (Novotny), 1953 • Writers encouraged a rebellion in 1968 • Novotny resigned • Alexander Dubcek-Jan. 1968 • Elected as 1st Secretary of the Communist Party • Reforms! Promised a gradual democratization • “Socialism with a human face” = “Prague Spring” • And then the USSR sent in the army Eastern Europe

27. Western Europe andNorth America Section 3

28. Marshall Plan helped create quick economic growth in Western Euro • Soon industrial output was more than pre-WWII levels (30% more!) • Prosperity continued into 50’s and 60’s Marshall Plan effects

29. Which nations were prosperous, and which were not? • Who? Why? • France • West Germany • Great Britain Essay possibility

30. Charles de Gaulle • French President: 1946, “retired”, returned in 1958 – 1969 • Leader of Fr. Resistance during WWII • Felt colonies were a waste of economic strength • Granted independence to Africa colonies (including Algeria) • Pulled France out of NATO • Created 5th Republic • Enhanced power of President • Invested in nuclear weapons • Economic growth • Lg. gov’t. deficit and high cost of living •  Strikes and protests •  De Gaulle retired (again) France

31. 1949 – 1963: KonradAdenaur—leader of Christian Democratic Union was Chancellor • Cooperated with U.S., others • “Economic miracle” • Unemployment fell to 0.4% • Brought in “guest workers” West Germany

32. Right after war, Churchill’s Conservative Party lost overwhelmingly to Labour Party • New Prime Minister, Clement Richard Attlee (1946 – 1951) • Promised social welfare reform • Created a “welfare state” in which gov’t. cares for citizens by providing services and a minimal standard of living • National health insurance (socialized medicine) • Gave independence to colonies  Britain no longer a world power • Lost: Burma, India, Pakistan, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Palestine • Conservatives back in power: 1951 - 1964 Great Britain

33. Talk of European political unity, but most not in favor. • However, EEC • 1957: France, West Germany, Benelux countries, Italy • “Rome Treaty” • Estab. the European Common Market • Free trade among members, but a tariff on goods from non-EEC members •  important trading bloc •  became world’s largest exporter and purchaser of raw materials European Economic Community (EEC)

34. New Deal had set stage and example for 1940’s – 70’s • Larger role of federal gov’t. • Rise of organized labor (role defined, more power) • Beginning of welfare system • Need to deal with minorities finally realized • Democratic Presidents: Truman (’48), JFK (’60), Johnson (’64) • Even Republican Prez. Eisenhower (’52, ’56) followed FDR’s example Meanwhile,in the United States (1950s)

35. Hunger for consumer goods + Extra income = Lots of spending and “happy” people BUT, Red scare! Senator Joseph R. McCarthy (WI) said “hundreds of communists in gov’t jobs”. People suspicious, scared. Economic Prosperity in U.S.

36. Era of JFK: “Camelot” • Assassinated Nov. 22nd, 1963 • Johnson becomes President • His “Great Society” for ALL • Passionate about Civil Rights Movement • Martin Luther King, Jr. • Montgomery bus boycott • Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Riots because of inequality and antiwar protests • Kent State “Massacre” (1970, Ohio) • 4 students killed, 9 wounded • Nat’l. Guard • Richard Nixon campaigns on a promise to restore “law and order”; wins Presidency in 1968 U.S. in the 1960’s

37. Afraid of being in shadow of U.S. • Lots of U.S. investments • Post-war prosperity • Welfare state: Socialist health insurance, social security Canada

38. Consumer-based societies • CREDIT! • Women earn right to vote in most “westernized” countries • Right to work, too. • Simone de Beauvoir: French author and feminist • The Second Sex: Women have been given 2nd class status because of their differences from men • Betty Friedan: Amer. Author and feminist • The Feminine Mystique: Women are unhappy with their roles as “just housewives” and want/are capable of more • Student Revolts • About war • Quality of education • Modern ideals Big Changes