Perception-logic & thinking process

Perception-logic & thinking process

2.3 TYPES OF PERCEPTION 2.1 DEFINITION OF PERCEPTION 2.2 PERCEPTION SYNTHESIS 2.0 INTRODUCTION 2.5 FACTORS INFLUENCING PERCEPTION’S STIMULATION 2.6 STIMULATION FEATURE TOWARDS PERCEPTION 2.7 PERCEPTION ERROR 2.4 PERCEPTION CHARACTERISTICS 2.8 PERCEPTION ORGANIZATION 2.9 PERCEPTION AND INTUITION 2.10 PERCEPTION AND LOGIC 2.11 LOGIC IN A GLANCE 2.13 SCIENTIFIC WORK ABOUT LOGIC 2.12 CATEGORIES OF LOGIC 2.14 AREA OF LOGIC 2.15 LOGIC IN DAILY LIFE 2.17 METHODS TO CHANGE PERCEPTION-LOGIC 2.16 INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE LOGIC 2.18 CONCLUSION

Introduction • Perception – the most important element in thinking process/cognitive process • Creative and critical thinking involve perceptual ability – to interrelate, to receive and to supplement • Wide and flexible perception – easy to be creative and critical thinker

Gestalt – perception is a conscious process involving individual reaction towards stimulus from environment. • According to Edward de Bono (1969), thinking is a process that happened in 2 phases: • 1st phase: perception • 2nd phase: logic

Definition of perception • Perception is the first phase of thinking process. Second phase is logic. Perception influence what seen by logic. In short, perception determine logic. (Edward de Bono, 1969) • Perception is the process in which sensory experiences are organized and made meaningful. (Newman, 1983) • Perception is a process where a human knows about objects and objective events through sensation. (Chaplin, 1985) • Perception is an active cognitive process including the process of choosing, organizing and interpreting stimulus. (Solso, 1991)

Perception is a process whereby a person interpret stimulus sensation and gives meaning to it. It is also a conscious and reaction of an individual towards stimulus, which is their personal nature. Perception is also a meaningful pole. Actually it does not happened automatically, but it takes a long time, which include interpretation and proper understanding. (Mohd. Salleh, 1995) • Perception is interpretation of what is seen by eyes, or in other way perception is meaning given to what is seen by eyes. (Abdullah and Ainon, 1996) • It is a process in which brain received information from senses, restructuring it back and give meaning to it. (Boon and Ragbir, 1998)

Perception synthesis • Perception process enable us understand our environment. • Observing process happened in two phases: • 1st phase: eyes send information to the brain • 2nd phase: brain tells the eyes what is seen (refer to next figure)

How cognitive-perception process creates mental pole in our mind?

Senses tell the brain what is seen Perception process Information accepted Phase 1 Phase 3 Phase 2 Sensory stimulation See Taste Feel Touch Smell Mental set prepared accepting any conception Collect & information filing File 1 File 3 File 4 File 2 Sub-sub file Sub-sub file Sub-sub file Sub-sub file Mental pola

Thinking involved two important process (Ainon & Abdullah, 1995): • Biology • Perception • Perception is a pole set about any concept and meaning that resembles in our mind. • These set of poles we get from surveillance, observation and direct participation of our surroundings.

Cognitive process Analysis via synthesis Perception Stimulation input Hypothesis Generate hypothesis and associate with related scheme from memory Experiences and contexts No • - Interpretation from sensory data (knowledge) • Perception is not static • e.g. Necker Cube • Past experiences • e.g. old & young lady There are similarities/relevance between new & old information Yes Identifying stimulation

Perception changes depending on the environmental change Perception is personal Perception characteristics Perception happen continuously Perception is very selective

Factors influencing perception’s stimulation Personal factor Contrast factor Concentration Foreground and background relationship Expectation Object order Mental set Time range Self motivation Past experience

Changing and moving object Extraordinary stimulus STIMULATION FEATURE TOWARDS PERCEPTION Inner factor and interest Opposite stimulus

Perception error • Human is created with weaknesses – spiritually, emotionally, intellectually, and physically. • Richard (1989) – human weaknesses in translating perception happened because of the total prediction power while human is translating input received through their environment.

Negative perception Narrow insight perception Personal perception Common mistakes of perception (Ainon & Abdullah, 1996) Self value perception Macro perception Black & white perception BIG & small perception

Perception organization • Perception enable us to look for certain information only. • Then information was kept in memory – become experience • As a human, we have to be clever to organize perception, to be suitable for creative and critical thinking.

It is important in a process of problem solving and decision making. • Creative thinking can generate many ideas and solving in different perspectives. • Creative thinking techniques: need to be learnt • Expand perception in viewing and solving problems • Widen observation towards something better

Perception and intuition • Other than senses, divine revelation and intelligence, intuition is also a way of thinking. • Intuition is experience gained without a certain thinking process. • Intuition works subconsciously. • Perception of the possibilities inherent in a situation. – (Carl Jung) • Intuition use subconscious mind for information to come and go.

Intuition functioned in perception. • Perception – translating; intuition – widen the dimension of perception • Intuition helps to: • How perception can be translated correctly? • How was it built? • What is the implication to other situation? • How should we react? • What is the new idea that can we derive in our mind?

Differences between logic and intuition Logic Intuition Direct experience, without thinking process Only for that certain individual Subjective and can not be feel by others • Inductive and deductive method • Objective, can be seen by others • Concrete, can be tell to others, can be feel together

Perception and logic • Perception and logic interdependent each other. • Perception – collecting pole; logic – set of assumption for the poles • Logic is useful for: • Looking into relationship of cause and effect • Making conclusion for something • To defend argument for the purpose of supporting or rejecting any ideas

Inference Mind logic Nature logic Deductive Inductive • Daily life event • Communication; watching • Shopping; observing • Walking, studying, playing Specific General General Specific

Logic in a glance • Logic has existed thousands of years ago. • Logic is derived from human intelligence. • Three major ages of logic: • Classical age • Islamic era • Modern age

Traditional logic Symbolic logic Pragmatic logic Categories of logic (Jujun, 1990) Epistemology logic Multi-values logic Science logic

Scientific work about logic • Scientific work contributed to the traditional logic • Scientific work of Greece have been translated by Islamic scholars: al-Farabi • Improve to suit with Islam, and not confusing Islam practitioner • Western also translated Islamic books into English

Some of the books are: • Organom; The prior Analytics (Aristotle) • Novum Organom (Francis Bacon) • The Advancement of Learning (Francis Bacon) • Nouveaux essais sur (Pascal) • A System of Logic (John Stewart Mill) • A Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason and Seeking Truth in the Science (Descrates) • Essays Concerning Human Understanding (John Locke)

Area of logic • Logic is a tool or basis for other knowledge area (Bolton, 1976). • “Logic is the head of knowledge, whoever did not learnt about logic, their knowledge could not be believed” – Imam al-Ghazali • Knowledge with strong logic basis are religion, philosophy, applied and natural science, language, mathematics, calculus, space, geometry, moral, politics, computer science etc.

Classical age • Logic called as pure logic • Since 600 B.C., Heraclitus age • Aristotle create very useful logic basis • Scholars in Classical age: • Heraclitus • Socrates • Plato • Pythagoras

Closely related with philosophy Emphasize on theory formation Characteristics Closely related with language and rhetoric Logic as argumentation Closely related with theology

Islamic era • Logic in golden age of Islam is influenced by classical age • Translated by scholars – al-Farabi, al-Kindi • Given new dimension in scientific research • Scholars: • Ibn Sina • Ibn Haitham • Imam al-Ghazali

Al-Quran and divinity Characteristics History writing Language review Mathematics verification

Modern age • Scholars trying to find alternative to improve • Rene Descartes discover more dynamic logic system – dialectic • Now logic is more scientific and empirical • Scholars: • Galileo • Newton • Pascal

Observational and experimental Based on deductive and intellect induction Characteristics Research (theory, hypothesis, statistics)

Logic in daily life • Logic as guideline while thinking and decision making process. • Logic can determine what is wrong and what is right. • Weaknesses of logic: what is correct in logic is not necessarily correct in the real situation. • But logic mistakes is small compared to perception mistakes. • Creation of universe can not be explained by logic.

To defend opposite’s argument Important to understand Quran and Hadith The use of logic in everyday life Delete deviant and ridiculous thought Educate people to speak the truth

Deductive and inductive logic • Deductive logic: some set of general assumptions that produce one specific statement (syllogism – one conclusion built from minor and major premises) • Inductive logic: one specific statement built from some set of general assumptions

Inductive logic Deductive logic Specific statement General assumptions General assumptions Specific statement

Deductive logic Inductive logic Specific general Observe and analyze existing data Create hypothesis to link the data Science and natural science research • General specific • Syllogism consist of 2 premises and 1 conclusion • Major premise: small (basis of argument) – statement that support or reject something that is true or not • Conclusion – deduction that been created from the application major and minor premises (if both of the premises is true, the conclusion will be true)

Intellect logic: to solve mathematic problems • Nature logic: to interact • Intellect logic will not be congenial with nature logic • Intellect logic emphasize concrete perception, whereas nature logic emphasize reasoning perception • Another type of logic: dialectics logic – uses argument in the form of Q & A

Three phases of logic:

Individual experience Perfection and extremity Logic’s weaknesses Unbalanced Repetition One sided Perception’s restrain

Conclusion • Every human being has perception. • Perception enable human to know a lot – things, events, objects. • Good and positive perception is beneficial for human. However, bad perception can also bring goodness. • Perception MUST BE and HAVE TO BE controlled. • Controller – intellect, lust and faith!

Perception-logic & thinking process