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Simplified Concept Map

Light- dependent reactions. Calvin cycle. Energy from sunlight. Thylakoid membranes. ATP. Stroma. NADPH. High-energy sugars. ATP. NADPH. O 2. Chloroplasts. Simplified Concept Map. Concept Map. Section 8-3. Photosynthesis. includes. takes place in. uses. use. take place in.

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Simplified Concept Map

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  1. Light- dependent reactions Calvin cycle Energy from sunlight Thylakoid membranes ATP Stroma NADPH High-energy sugars ATP NADPH O2 Chloroplasts Simplified Concept Map Concept Map Section 8-3 Photosynthesis includes takes place in uses use take place in to produce to produce of 6CO2 + 6H2O→C6H12O6 + 6O2 Go to Section:

  2. Summary of Rxns in Chloroplast 6CO2 + 6H2O→C6H12O6 + 6O2

  3. Photosynthesis Chloroplasts: Place where takes place! • Thylakoids – saclike membranes • Contain photosystems (light-collecting units) that are made up of chlorophyll, other pigments and proteins • Chlorophyll absorbs most visible light except green, which is reflected • Grana – stacks of thylakoids • Stroma–space around thylakoids - aqueous

  4. 6CO2 + 6H2O→C6H12O6 + 6O2

  5. HOT ELECTRON! NADP+(Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) • ElectronCarrier – carries e- from chlorophyll to other molecules 2. Holds 2 e- (electrons) and 1 H+ (hydrogen ion) 3. Converts to NADPH by combining with H+ • This conversion traps energy that is used in the calvin cycle (dark reactions) Hi My Name Is NADP+ Hi My Name Is NADP+

  6. Light Reactions Summary: Light Energy from the sun is captured by the chloroplasts and splits apart water molecules and excites electrons. As a result, oxygen NADPH, and ATP are made. Takes place in…. 3 parts!

  7. 1. Photosystem II absorbs light from the sun. • the energy splits water molecules into oxygen, H+ ions, and electrons • Chlorophylls’ electrons get excited by the light • Oxygen leaves the plant into atmosphere

  8. 2. The excited electrons move down the electron transport chaintoPhotosystem Iand produce NADPH. a. Electrons combine with NADP+ and H+ found in the cell. This forms NADPH (electron carrier).

  9. 3. H+ protons move outside the thylakoid and cause ADPand P to become ATP. • Because there is a higher concentration of H+ protons in the thylakoid membrane than in the stroma, so the H+ will move out into the stroma (Diffusion!) • As the H+ protons move into the stroma they release energy which is converted into the chemical energy stored in ATP.

  10. V. Light-Independent Rxns(Calvin Cycle or Dark Rxns) Summary: The Calvin Cycle uses the energy in ATP and NADPH (made during the light rxns) to fix carbon into an organic compound called PGAL. Takes place in: STROMA

  11. 1. CO2 diffuses into the cell and combines with RuBPto form PGA. • 3 molecules of RuBP (5-carbon sugar) are present in the cell • 1 carbon (from CO2) attaches to each RuBP • This 6-carbon is unstable and immediately splits in half • This leaves 3-carbon structures called PGA Ribulose BiPhosphate Phosphoglycerate

  12. 2. PGA is changed into PGAL • PGA interacts with ATP and NADPH (from light rxns) resulting in PGAL (new 3-carbon structure) • The ATP and NADPH are returned to the light rxns as ADP, NADP+ and a phosphate group to be reused • 1 PGAL leaves the cycle to become glucose Phosphoglyceraldehyde

  13. 3. The PGAL is converted back into RuBP • The remaining PGAL (3 carbons) rearrange into RuBP (5 carbons) with ATP’s energy • Cycle starts all over again 

  14. Glucose is not made DURING photosynthesis • PGAL molecules are made, which are built up into carbohydrates (sugars) just after photosynthesis ends. • What enters the Calvin Cycle? • What is produced by the Calvin Cycle?

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