THE ROARING TWENTIES

1. THE ROARING TWENTIES CHAPTER 13.1-13.3 CHAPTER 14.1

2. Definition of Roaring Twenties: • Time of rapid change in American society • Result of the industrialization, immigration and urbanization of the late 1800s and early 1900s • Accelerated by World War One and its effect on the lives of millions

3. Conflict of the Twenties: • The 1920s brought a clash in values, moral, standards and beliefs between two groups • One group wanted to try to maintain TRADITIONAL VALUES • The other group wanted to move on with new MODERN VALUES • Occurred in all aspects of the nation

4. Warren G. Harding (1921-1923) • “Return to Normalcy” Campaign Slogan in 1920 election • Easily won election by Americans who wanted life to return to pre-war stability in all areas • Scandal-ridden administration Republican www.historyplace.com

5. Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929) • Harding’s VP • Nicknamed “Silent Cal” • Restore the dignity and respect to the presidency • Emphasis on the economic aspects of the 1920s

6. POLITICAL TENSIONS Chapter 14.1

7. #1 – Return to Isolationism • Fordney-McCumber Tariff • Washington Naval Conferences (disarmament) • Dawes Plan • Kellogg-Briand Pact

8. #2 – Red Scare • 2nd Russian Revolution (communism) • Return to Nativism • National Origins Act (immigration Quotas) • Violations of American Freedoms 1. Schenck v. US • The Court, in a unanimous opinion written by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., held that Schenck's criminal conviction was constitutional. The First Amendment did not protect speech encouraging insubordination, since, "when a nation is at war many things that might be said in time of peace are such a hindrance to its effort that their utterance will not be endured so long as men fight, and that no Court could regard them as protected by any constitutional right." In other words, the court held, the circumstances of wartime permit greater restrictions on free speech than would be allowable during peacetime. • In the opinion's most famous passage, Justice Holmes sets out the "clear and present danger" test: • "The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent." • This case is also the source of the phrase "shouting fire in a crowded theater," paraphrased from Holmes' assertion that "the most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theatre and causing a panic." 2. Gitlow v. New York 3. Palmer Raids 4. Sacco and Vanzetti • Crackdown on Strikes and Unions decline (Coolidge quote)

9. SOCIAL TENSIONS Chapter 13.1 Chapter 13.2 Chapter 13.3

10. #3 – Women www.viewimages.com • 19th Amendment • Continued struggle for better job and educational opportunities • New styles • New behaviors • New attitudes • Moral crisis? www.ilstu.edu

11. #4 - Demographics • 1920 – country more urban than rural • Growth of suburbs as transportation improved (who lived there?) • Great Migration continues • Changes in immigration – Mexican barrios • Conflict in values between rural and urban

12. PRINT MEDIA Newspapers Chains Magazines MOVIES Talkies in 1927 More attendance ADVERTISING Features v. Feelings RADIO KDKA in 1920 By 1929, 10 million radios in homes Radio networks (NBC) RESULT: development of a national culture #5 Mass Media

13. Fascination with heroes who showed traditional American values like bravery and modesty Also fascination with heroes who met new challenges with new vitality EXAMPLES: Charles Lindbergh Amelia Earhart Sports Heroes - Jack Dempsey - Jim Thorpe - Babe Ruth - Gertrude Ederle (great increase in participation in sports by all Americans) #6 – National Heroes

14. The Birth of Hollywood • Cecil B. DeMille • The Jazz Singer http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=7573925532937499784&q=the+jazz+singer+al+jolson+blue+skies&total=6&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=0 • Charlie Chaplinhttp://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-3546286786451793985&q=charlie+chaplin&total=3101&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=0 • The Jazz Age • Louis Armstrong http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-4723033145351775113&q=Louis+Armstrong&total=3193&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=0 • George Gershwin http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=1840873352114175839&q=George+Gershwin&total=887&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=0 • Georgia O’Keeffe

15. #7 – The Arts – “Jazz Age” • New “American" music • Featured new sounds based on: 1. improvisation 2. syncopation • Born in the Delta region of Mississippi • Spread with the Great Migration from New Orleans to Chicago and New York City www.albany.edu

16. LOST GENERATION Writers disillusioned by WWI Reject materialism Reject pop culture Examples: Ernest Hemingway F. Scott Fitzgerald HARLEM RENAISSANCE Major cultural center in 1920s Not just Jazz but also literature Examples: Langston Hughes Countee Cullen Other Artistic Developments

17. Painting . . . www.artknowledgenews.com • New artists also emerged to reflect the clash in values of the time • Edward Hopper • Georgia O’Keeffe www.greenville.k12.sc.us

18. #8 - Prohibition www.legendsofamerica.com • 18th Amendment • Volstead Act • Enforcement differences (rural v. urban) • Bootlegging • Speakeasies • Organized Crime • Al Capone in Chicago www.ausu.auc.ca

19. #9 – Racial Tensions people.cohums.ohio-state.edu

20. #9 - Racial Tensions • Moved for two reasons 1. job opportunities 2. escape southern violence • Red Summer – 1919 • KKK Northern Revival (not just race) • NAACP grows • Garvey Movement (“Black is Beautiful”)

21. #10 – Religion Clarence Darrow • Fundamentalism • Evolution • Scopes “Monkey” Trial (1925) • Rise of the Radio Preachers - Billy Sunday www.answers.com William Jennings Bryan

22. ECONOMIC TENSIONS To be continued in Unit 9 – The Great Depression and the New Deal