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West Saxon

Types of English in the British Isles, A.D. 800. Present boundary. Hadrian's Wall. Northumbrian. Humber. Mercian. West Saxon. Kentish. Cædmon’s Hymn (Bede c.731). Nu sculon herigean heofonrices weard meotodes meaht and his modgeþanc weorc wuldorfæder swa he wundra gehwæs

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West Saxon

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  1. Types of English in the British Isles, A.D. 800 Present boundary Hadrian's Wall Northumbrian Humber Mercian West Saxon Kentish

  2. Cædmon’s Hymn (Bede c.731) Nu sculon herigean heofonrices weard meotodes meaht and his modgeþanc weorc wuldorfæder swa he wundra gehwæs ece drihten or onstealde he ærest scop eorðan bearnum heofon to hrofe halig scyppend þa middangeard moncynnes waerd ece drihten æfter teode firum foldan fea ælmihtig Nu scylun hergan hefaenricaes uard metudæs maecti end his modgidanc uerc uuldurfadur sue he uundra gihuaes eci dryctin or astelidæ he aerist scop aelda barnum heben til hrofe haleg scepen tha middungeard moncynnæs uard eci dryctin æfter tiadæ firum foldu frea allmectig Now shall (we) praise the ward of heaven the creator’s might, and his thought, the glory-fathers’s works, as he every wonder - eternal lord – primevally established. He first created for men’s children heaven as a roof - holy creator - then Middle-garth - ward of mankind - - eternal lord - afterwards made earth for men - almighty king

  3. Scotland Three languages: • Gaelic A Celtic q-Celtic (Goidelic) language introduced in the 6th - 7th century from Ireland • Scots A Germanic language introduced by the Anglo-Saxons in the 6th -7th century • Scottish English Relatively standard British English spoken with various Scottish accents

  4. Celtic • p-Celtic (Brythonic) • Gaulish (no descendents) • Welsh • Cornish • Breton • q-Celtic (Goidelic) • Irish • Scottish Gaelic • Manx

  5. Celtic • p-Celtic (Brythonic) • Gaulish (no descendents) • Welsh • Cornish • Breton • q-Celtic (Goidelic) • Irish • Scottish Gaelic • Manx

  6. Celtic • p-Celtic (Brythonic) • Gaulish (no descendents) • Welsh • Cornish • Breton • q-Celtic (Goidelic) • Scottish Gaelic • Irish • Manx

  7. Celtic • p-Celtic (Brythonic) • q-Celtic (Goidelic) LatinWelshGaelic caput penn ceann = 'head'

  8. Territories under the overlordship of the Gaelic-speaking king of Scots by the 11th c.

  9. Scots and English of the Highlands and Islands Island Scots Island English North Scots Highland English Central Scots South Scots

  10. Scots Wells II:395

  11. Scots Wells II:396

  12. Scots ~ English: social dialect continuum Scots Scottish English England

  13. Scottish English • No Long Mid Diphthonging (FACE, GOAT) • FOOT-GOOSE Merger • FOOT-STRUT Split • No NURSE Merger • LOT-THOUGHT, TRAP-BATH-CALM • Vowel length - Aitken’s Law • Various vowel qualities and different lexical incidences.

  14. red: RP blue: Scottish Scottish English • No Long Mid Diphthonging (FACE, GOAT) mess mace red raid road phone go mes meis red reid més mes réd red r0ud f0un g0u ród fón gó:

  15. Scottish English • No Long Mid Diphthonging (FACE, GOAT) • FOOT-GOOSE Merger • FOOT-STRUT Split

  16. Wells (203) p 397

  17. Scottish English • No Long Mid Diphthonging (FACE, GOAT) • FOOT-GOOSE Merger • FOOT-STRUT Split • No NURSE Merger

  18. Scottish English NURSE

  19. Scottish English • No Long Mid Diphthonging (FACE, GOAT) • FOOT-GOOSE Merger • FOOT-STRUT Split • No NURSE Merger • For many speakers: LOT and THOUGHT have same vowel cot-caught, knotty-naughty, don-dawn with ö (NB in GA with á)

  20. Scottish English • No Long Mid Diphthonging (FACE, GOAT) • FOOT-GOOSE Merger • FOOT-STRUT Split • No NURSE Merger • For many speakers: TRAP BATH PALM have same vowel half past hat calma~á

  21. Scottish English • No Long Mid Diphthonging (FACE, GOAT) • FOOT-GOOSE Merger • FOOT-STRUT Split • No NURSE Merger • LOT-THOUGH, TRAP-BATH-CALM • Vowel length - Aitken’s Law

  22. Aitken’s Law • Wells 2:400 • Vowels are short unless followed by • KIT and STRUT are always short

  23. Review: Vowel Length in Southern British English Lax vowels are short B C D A Tense vowels and diphthongs are long, but shortened (clipped) in front of fortis consonants

  24. Review: Vowel Length inScottish English KIT and STRUT short B C D A All other vowels:

  25. Review: Vowel Length inScottish English B C D A

  26. Aitken’s Law Wells 2:400 Vowels are short unless followed by KIT and STRUT are always short

  27. red: RP blue: Scottish bId bid bed bæd bead bid bed bad bíd bid béd bad mood good moon lace less

  28. key stay know news rude Bruce feet queen

  29. poor care see greed agreed agree#d toad towed toad# towe#d

  30. feed keyed maid made prize price

  31. Scottish English • No Long Mid Diphthonging (FACE, GOAT) • FOOT-GOOSE Merger • FOOT-STRUT Split • No NURSE Merger • LOT-THOUGH, TRAP-BATH-CALM • Vowel length - Aitken’s Law • Various vowel qualities and different lexical incidences.

  32. Scottish EnglishConsonants • x – loch, Auchtermuchty (mostly placemanes) • No Glide Cluster Reduction • T Glottaling • Rhoticity • Yod Dropping, ~Yod Coalescence • ~ H Dropping

  33. Scottish EnglishConsonants • x – loch, Auchtermuchty (mostly placemanes)

  34. Scottish EnglishConsonants • x – loch, Auchtermuchty (mostly placemanes) • No Glide Cluster Reduction: wine ~ whine wain~Wain

  35. (Wells 409) Scottish EnglishConsonants • x – loch, Auchtermuchty (mostly placemanes) • No Glide Cluster Reduction • T Glottaling

  36. (Wells 410) Scottish EnglishConsonants • x – loch, Auchtermuchty (mostly placemanes) • No Glide Cluster Reduction • T Glottaling • Rhoticity

  37. (Wells 410) Scottish EnglishConsonants • Rhoticity

  38. Scottish EnglishConsonants • Rhoticity Wells 411

  39. Scottish EnglishConsonants • x – loch, Auchtermuchty (mostly placemanes) • No Glide Cluster Reduction • T Glottaling • Rhoticity • Yod Dropping, Yod Coalescence Wells 412

  40. Scottish EnglishConsonants • x – loch, Auchtermuchty (mostly placemanes) • No Glide Cluster Reduction • T Glottaling • Rhoticity • Yod Dropping, Yod Coalescence • H Dropping Not in Scotland except for “one or two North-Eastern localities” (Wells 412)

  41. English in the Highlands and Islands

  42. Insular Scottish EnglishOrkney and Shetland

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