CIS105

1. CIS105 System Unit 05_cpu.ppt

2. Overview of Topics • Binary Number System • ASCII Code • Motherboard • CPU • Memory types • Buses • Integrated Ports • Expansion Slots

3. Information Processing Cycle InputRaw Data Process (Application) OutputInformation Storage Output from one process can serve as input to another process.

4. Hardware Model CPU Input Devices Memory (RAM) Output Devices Storage Devices The hardware configuration supports the Information Processing Cycle.

5. Information Processing • Processing is done by an Application (program). • The instructions of a program are executed by the CPU. • The instructions need to be saved in machine language format. • The format is Binary (zeros and ones). • What is the Binary Number System? • First let’s review the Decimal Number System.

6. We are used to the Decimal Number System. Decimal is Base 10. Base indicates how many symbols are used in the number system (0 – 9) Each symbol has a value associated with it. Number systems are also positional, which means the placement of a number changes the value. 103 102 101 100Thousands, Hundreds, Tens, Ones 8 9 5 7 Decimal Number System

7. Decimal – Long Hand How many ones, tens, hundreds, and thousands?

8. Binary Number System • Binary is Base 2. • Base indicates how many symbols are used in the number system (0 – 1). • Each symbol has a value associated with it. • The first four place values for binary are: • 23 22 21 208 4 2 1 • 0 0 0 1 = 1 (decimal) 0 0 1 0 = 2 (decimal) 1 0 1 0 = ? 1 1 1 1 = 15 (decimal) • With all 4 place values, the highest value is 15.

9. Hexadecimal Number System • Hexadecimal is Base 16. • Base indicates how many symbols are used in the number system (0 – 9, A - F). • Each symbol has a value associated with it. • The first four place values for Hex are: • 163 162 161 1604096 256 16 1 0 0 0 9 = 9 decimal 0 0 0 A = 10 decimal 0 0 0 F = 15 decimal 0 0 1 0 = 16 decimal • With just one symbol (F), the highest value is 15.

10. Binary and Hex Relationship • BIT is short for Binary Digit. • A byte is a unit a measurement for data storage. • 8 bits can be stored in a byte. • Characters are stored using different combinations of bits. • For example, the binary code for the letter M is: 0100 1101 • A byte can be split in half into nibbles (4 bits), and the highest possible value of each half is 15. • Each half then can easily be converted to hexadecimal.8 4 2 18 4 2 1 0 1 0 0 = 4 1 1 0 1 = D • Together it would be 4D. • Review ASC II Table.http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/dept/d07/ascii_table.html

11. ASC II & Unicode • ASC II American Standard Code for Information Interchange. • An ASC II character takes 1 byte (8 bits). • With 8 bits, there are 256 possible characters (28) • Unicode supports international languages. • Each character takes two bytes (16 bits). • 65,536 possible characters (216) • ASC II is considered a subset of the Unicode.

12. Why the Binary System? • Binary system has two values – zero and one. • Computers are electronic devices, and it is “easy” to represent zeros and ones in an electronic format. • If there is a charge, then it is a one. • If there isn’t a charge, then it is a zero.

13. Binary Editor

14. Computer System • In the next few slides, we’ll review the • Motherboard • CPU • RAM, ROM, CMOS • System Bus • Integrated Ports • Expansion Slots • Hard Drive Controller • Power Supply Integrated Ports CPU RAM BUS ROM Expansion Slots HD Controller

15. Computer Cases Desktop Full Tower Mini or Micro Tower Creative?

16. Empty Computer Case

17. Motherboard RAM Slots CPU Integrated ports Expansion slots

18. Motherboard • The motherboard is a flat circuit board that is made up of many chips and circuits. • Some of the main things it has are: • CPU – Central Processing Unit • Memory (RAM) expansion slots • The System Bus used to transfer data • Integrated ports (keyboard, mouse, USB) • Expansion slots (Network, Video, Sound cards) • If the CPU is the brains, the motherboard is the nervous system: It provides the pathways that allow the CPU to talk to the other components.

19. Central Processing Unit - CPU

20. Central Processing Unit - CPU • The CPU is the main processor that handles most of the computing activities on the computer. • Manufacturers and processor names include: • Intel: Core 2 Duo, Core 2 Quad, Itanium • AMD: Athlon, Sempron , Opteron (Advanced Micro Devices) • IBM: PowerPC (formly by Motorola) • CPU’s are plugged into the CPU socket on the motherboard. • Co-processors help the CPU by doing some of the processing. For example, a video card would render an image instead of having the CPU do it. • Intel’s Centrino and AMD’s Turion mobile technology chips are for laptops and include low power consumption to reduce heat dissipation and battery consumption.

21. CPU Units

22. Directs and coordinates Fetches Instructions Decodes Instructions Passes code to Arithmetic/Logic Unit Executes instructions Can perform: Arithmetic operations Comparison operations Stores result in memory CPU Internals Control Unit Arithmetic/Logic Unit

23. Machine Cycle • The time required to: • Fetch • Decode • Execute • Store result • Measurement used to compare CPU’s

24. Computer Processing Speeds • CPU speeds measured in megahertz (MHz) and gigahertz (GHz). • One MHz represents 1millionmachinecycles per second. • A microprocessor that runs at 200 MHz executes 200 million machine cycles per second. • One GHz represents 1 billion machine cycles per second. • A microprocessor that runs at 3 GHz executes 3 billion machine cycles per second. • Also may be measured in MIPS.1 MIPS = 1 million Machine Instructions Per Second • Besides making faster chips, there are different techniques that can be used to increase the throughput.

25. Pipelining • A method to increase processor speed. • Feeds a new instruction into CPU at each step of the machine cycle. • Instruction 2 fetched when instruction 1 is being decoded, rather than waiting until cycle is complete.

26. Parallel Processors

27. Parallel Processing • Using multiple processors at once • Control processor divides problem into parts • Each part sent to separate processor • Each processor has its own cache memory • Control processor assembles results • Dual-core and quad-core CPU’s have multiple computing cores in one processor package. • Applications need to be rewritten to take advantage of the multiple CPUs. • Some video and audio applications have already been upgraded.

28. RAM – Random Access Memory • Volatile and temporary storage • When the computer is turned off, all contents are lost. • Referred to as working memory because it is used to • load and store the OS and programs currently being executed, • load and store data that is currently being manipulated. • CPU only gets and stores information to RAM • Measured in Bytes - Each Byte holds one character (8 bits) • Common Types: DRAM, SDRAM, DDR(2,3) SDRAM, RDRAM • Cache - used to stored recently and frequently used data or instructions • L1 – Level 1 – inside CPU • L2 – Level 2 – outside of CPU, faster than RAM • L3 – Level 3 – on some new processors, L2 is also included on the CPU chip and L3 is outside.

29. Various RAM Modules (Sticks) Snap into slots on Motherboard. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_access_memory

30. Memory Module Types and Speeds • RAM chips reside on a small circuit board call a memory module. • SIMM – Single Inline Memory Module have a single set of contacts on the one side. • DIMM – Dual Inline Memory Module have two sets of contacts – one on each side. • RIMM – Rambus Inline Memory Module have RDRAM chips which employ pipelining techniques. • Motherboard design determines RAM module types and speeds that are supported. • Speeds include 400, 533, 677, 800 MHz

31. Other Memory Types • CMOS – Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor • Requires very little electricity to maintain information • CMOS in personal computers retain their data because it is charged by a battery installed on the motherboard. • Used to store a personal computer’s configuration:hard drive info, amount of memory, date and time, etc. • ROM – Read Only Memory • Contains programs and data that are permanently recorded at the factory. • Boot routine that is activated when a computer is turned on. • Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) • EEP ROM – Electrically Erasable Programmable ROMcan be updated with new software provided by manufacturer

32. Storage Sizes • KB - Kilobyte: 1024 (210) bytes • MB - Megabyte: over one million (220) bytes • GB - Gigabyte: over one billion (230) bytes • TB - Terabyte: over one trillion (240) byteswhat we are growing to… • PB - Petabyte: over one quadrillion (250) bytes • EB - Exabyte: over one quintillion (260) bytes • ZB - Zettabyte: over one sextillion (270) bytes • YB - Yottabyte: over one septillion (280) bytes

33. The System Bus • A bus line is a set of parallel paths to transfer data throughout the motherboard. • Data is transferred between input devices and memory, and the processor and memory. • The number of bits that can be carried at one time is called the bus width, referred to as the word size. • The more paths there are, the faster data is transferred between devices and RAM. • 8, 16, 32, or 64 bits

34. System Bus Image System Bus are paths to transferdata between devices.

35. Integrated Ports • The motherboard may have some integrated ports for common devices. • Keyboard, Mouse • Video and Sound • Network • Printer • USB – Universal Serial Bus • The ports are considered Serial or Parallel (see next slide)

36. Serial & Parallel Ports (Traditional Ports) • Serial ports • Transmit data one bit at a time • Used for slow devices -115 Kbps • Mouse and keyboards. • Kbps – Kilo bits per secondSmall b is bits, big B is Bytes. • Parallel ports • Transmit data 8 bits at a time – 1000 Kbps (average) • Used for faster devices that require more data • Printers and scanners

37. USB & FireWire Serial Ports (New) • USB and FireWire replacing traditional ports for storage devices, printers, scanners, mouse, etc. • USB – Universal Serial Bus • USB 1.0 – 12 Mbps • USB 2.0 – 480 Mbps • USB 3.0 – 4.8 Gbps by (2009 or 2010) • Firewire – IEEE 1394 • Video & digital cameras • 400 Mbps

38. Expansion Slots • Expansion cards are plugged into the motherboard’s expansion slots. • The interface for the card is accessed through the back of the computer. • Network, Sound, Graphic cards • Check the type of expansion slot before purchasing cards. • PCI – Peripheral Component Interconnect • AGP - Accelerated Graphics Port (Graphics cards) • PCIe – PCI Express (faster than PCI and AGP)

39. PCI Card and Slots http://computer.howstuffworks.com/

40. Power Supply • 400 Watt Power Supply • None of the parts would work without the power supply. • Size of the power supply depends on the number of internal devices and CPU. • Converts 120v AC to 5-12v DC. • I feel a “Geek Fit” coming on… 

41. What to Learn More? • BPC170 – Computer Maintenance I: A+ Prep • BPC273 – Advanced Server Computer Maintenance: Server + Prep