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Poultry Production

Poultry Production.

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Poultry Production

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  1. Poultry Production

  2. Poultry ProductionObjectives:A. Define common poultry termsB. Identify common breeds of chickensC. Compare and contrast broiler and layer chickensD. Describe the poultry reproductive systemE. Describe environmental requirements to hatch chicken eggsF. Candle eggs to determine their interior and exterior quality grade.

  3. A. Define common poultry terms Chick: newly hatched chicken Pullet: Female chicken < 1 year Cockerel: Male chicken < 1 year Capon: Castrated male chicken Hen: Mature female chicken Rooster: Mature male chicken

  4. B. Identify common breeds of chickens White Leghorn Rhode Island Red Barred Rock Araucana

  5. Some fun breeds… Silkies Polish Crested Varieties Cochins

  6. C. Compare and contrast broiler and layer chickens Broilers: For Meat -Broiler chickens are raised primarily for their meat. -Chickens can be ready to harvest around 6 weeks of age Layers: For eggs -Hens begin laying eggs around 4 months of age -A good hen lays 1 egg a day -Lay eggs year round -Production slows in winter

  7. D. Describe the poultry reproductive system Rooster Testicles Vas deferens Cloaca

  8. Testicles: Produce sperm Vas Deferens: Carries seminal fluid and sperm from testicles to cloaca Papilla: The organ in the wall of the cloaca that places the sperm inside the female’s reproductive tract

  9. Hen Ovary Magnum Vagina Infundibulum Cloaca Isthmus Uterus

  10. Ovary: Produces the ovum Infundibulum: Receives yolk from ovary, where sperm is stored, and fertilization takes place Magnum: Secretes the thick white of the egg 3 Hours Isthmus: 2 shell membranes are placed around the yolk and thick white 1 ¼ Hours Uterus: Thin white and outer shell are added to the egg 20 Hours Vagina: Completed egg is stored for a short time til laid Total: 25-27 Hours

  11. 1 Infundibulum 4 Uterus 2 Magnum 5 Vagina (with egg inside) 3 Isthmus

  12. Egg Processing Video Yolk Membrane Germinal Disc Yolk Air Cell Thick White Outer Shell Thick White Membrane Outer Shell Membrane Thin White

  13. Compare Mammalian and Poultry Reproduction

  14. E. Describe environmental requirements to hatch chicken eggs • Natural: • Hen lays eggs (1 per day) over period of several days • When she has an adequate nest, she begins to lay on them to keep them warm • After 21 days, the eggs hatch • A hen who is laying on her eggs is referred to as “broody”

  15. E. Describe environmental requirements to hatch chicken eggs • Artificial Incubation: • Hen lays eggs and they are placed in an incubator • Incubator keeps eggs at proper temperature and humidity • -Temperature: 102-103 degrees • -Humidity: 60% • Eggs are turned 2 times daily to prevent embryo from sticking to the inside of the shell

  16. Taste • Taste acuity poorer than for mammals • Taste receptors • Humans: 9,000 • Rabbits: 17,000 • Chicken: 250-350 • Pigeon: 37-75 • Japanese quail: 62 • Ducks: 375 • Parrots: 300-400 • Birds can taste the same four primary flavors (sour, sweet, bitter, salty) but with less acuity

  17. Smell • Sense of smell not well developed in birds • Exceptions: Kiwi, some vultures and seabirds • Flowers and fruits that rely on birds for pollination and seed dispersal - would it be beneficial to the plants to be scented?

  18. SKELETAL SYSTEMS Keel

  19. POULTRY VS MAMMALIAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY • Skeletal system • Differences ?

  20. SKELETAL SYSTEMS Keel

  21. KEEL SKELETAL SYSTEM

  22. Birds that have a keel, whether they can fly or not, are called carinate birds. KEEL BONE

  23. Ratite – No keel bone

  24. POULTRY VS MAMMALIAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY • Respiratory system

  25. HUMANS Tidal respiration

  26. CHICKENS

  27. Inspiration Expiration

  28. Mammals Male XY Female XX Males determine sex of offspring Birds Male ZZ Female ZW Females determine sex of offspring Avian Genetics

  29. POULTRY VS MAMMALIAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY • Reproductive system

  30. Ovary Ruptured follicle Stigma Mature ovum Oviduct Avian reproductive tract Infundibulum Magnum Isthmus Uterus/ Shell gland Part of large intestine Vagina Cloaca

  31. When the yolk comes to full size, it is released from the ovary by the rupture of the follicle along the stigma.

  32. The discharged yolk and its germinal disc are engulfed by the infundibulum, and within ten minutes the journey down the oviduct commences.

  33. It is in the infundibulum that fertilization will occur if the particular ovum is to become a fertile egg. Once the egg has passed through the infundibulum and the layers of albumen have started to be placed on the yolk, fertilization is impossible.

  34. The yolk spends approximately 3 hours in the magnum where the thick albumen is added. This is about half of the total egg white. The remainder of the egg white is added after the shell membranes have been formed and the egg has entered the uterus.

  35. The two shell membranes are formed in the isthmus during a period of 1.25 hours. However, the yolk and the thick albumen do not have the appearance of an egg until water secreted in the uterus, passes through the shell membranes and the egg assumes its characteristic shape.

  36. The egg spends over 20 hours in the uterus, where calcium carbonate is deposited on the outer shell membrane.

  37. When the shell structure is complete, the egg passes into the vagina where it may be retained for a few minutes while a very thin coat of albumen-like material is deposited over the shell.This material is referred to as the bloom or cuticle and functions to fill the pores of the shell.

  38. The egg passes through the oviduct small end first, but just prior to laying the egg turns horizontally 180° so that the large end of the egg comes out first. This allows for more shell surface area on which uterine muscles may apply pressure prior to the egg-laying process.

  39. Ovary

  40. Ovulation Video

  41. Ovary Ruptured follicle Stigma Mature ovum Oviduct Avian reproductive tract Infundibulum Magnum Isthmus Uterus/ Shell gland Part of large intestine Vagina Cloaca

  42. Infundibulum Video

  43. Ovary Ruptured follicle Stigma Mature ovum Oviduct Avian reproductive tract Infundibulum (Fertilization) Magnum (Albumen) Isthmus (Shell membranes) Uterus/ Shell gland Part of large intestine (Water & Shell) Vagina (Bloom/cuticle) Cloaca

  44. Avian male reproductive tract Avian system similar to mammalian system, but testes are located inside the abdominal cavity

  45. Questions?

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