CHAPTER 14 SECTION 2

CHAPTER 14 SECTION 2 FROM ISOLATION TO INVOLVEMENT

WHILE BRITAIN AND FRANCE APPEASED HITLER IN • GERMANY FDR CONDEMNED AGGRESION IN ASIA • BY THE JAPANESE BUT DID LITTLE TO STOP IT • AS THE WAR EXPLODED IN EUROPE • – IT BECAME DIFFICULT FOR THE UNITED STATES • TO MAINTAIN NEUTRALITY

Opposition to Aggression • ROOSEVELT CRITICIZED JAPAN’S • AGGRESSION ON CHINA CALLING • IT A “REIGN OF TERROR AND • INTERNATIONAL LAWLESSNESS • – HE BELIEVED NO PART OF THE • WORLD WAS TRULY ISOLATED • FROM THE REST OF THE WORLD

Opposition to Aggression Quarantine Speech Oct. 5, 1937 • ROOSEVELT’S SOLUTION FOR STOPPING • AGGRESSION INVOLVED AN INFORMAL • ALLIANCE OF THE PEACE-LOVING NATIONS • BUT HE DID NOT KNOW HOW TO HOW TO • STOP THE AGGRESSIVE NATIONS • ROOSEVELT MADE AMERICANS AWARE OF • THE THREAT THE JAPANESE POSED TO THE • UNITED STATES

War Breaks Out In Europe • FRANCE AND BRITAIN’S • EFFORTS TO APPEASE HITLER • IN EUROPE FAILED TO LIMIT • HIS EXPANSION PLANS • – BY THE END OF 1938 THEY • REALIZED HITLER’S ARMED • AGGRESSION COULD ONLY • BE STOPPED BY AN ARMED • DEFENSE

War Breaks Out In Europe • 1939 • – HITLER VIOLATED THE MUNICH PACT BY TAKING THE • REMAINDER OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA INTO THE GERMAN • REICH • BRITAIN AND FRANCE DID NOT WANT HITLER TO TAKE • OVER ANOTHER COUNTRY WITHOUT CONSEQUENCES • – THEY SIGNED AN ALLEGIANCE WITH POLAND WHICH • THEY WOULD PROVIDE AID IF HITLER ATTACKED

War Breaks Out In Europe • HITLER WAS MORE CONCERNED WITH THE SOVIET UNION THAN • BRITAIN AND FRANCE • – SIGNED A NON AGGRESSION PACT WITH THE SOVIET UNION SO • GERMANY WOULD NOT HAVE TO FIGHT A WAR ON TWO FRONTS • – THE PACT WAS THAT: • 1. NEITHER THE SOVIET UNION OR GERMANY WOULD ATTACK THE • OTHER • 2. ALSO THE TWO AGREED TO DIVIDE POLAND AND RECOGNIZE • EACH OTHER’S TERRITORIAL AMBITIONS

War Breaks Out In Europe • THE AGREEMENT GUARANTEED A • GERMAN OFFENSIVE AGAINST POLAND • SEPTEMBER 1, 1939 • – GERMANY INVADED POLAND WHICH • STARTED WWII • – WITH A BLITZKRIEG(OR SUDDEN ATTACK) • – LIGHTENING WAR • – HITTING POLAND FROM THREE DIRECTIONS • USING TANKS AND PLANES AND MOTORIZED • VEHICLES AND INFANTRY GERMANY BROKE • THROUGH POLAND’S DEFENSES AND • DESTROYED ITS AIR FORCE

War Breaks Out In Europe • BRITAIN AND FRANCE DECLARED WAR • ON GERMANY AFTER ITS INVASION OF • POLAND BUT DID NOTHING TO HELP • POLAND

War Breaks Out In Europe • AXIS POWERS • – EVENTUALLY INCLUDED GERMANY, ITALY AND JAPAN • ALLIES – INCLUDED BRINTAIN FRANCE AND EVENTUALLY THE SOVIET UNION AND THE UNITED STATES AND CHINA

War Breaks Out In Europe • AFTER THE GERMAN INVASION OF POLAND, THE WAR ENTERED INTO AN EIGHT MONTH PERIOD OF QUIET KNOW AS THE “PHONY WAR” • – DID NOT LAST LONG

War Breaks Out In Europe • SPRING 1940 • – HITLER SENT ATTACKED • DENMARK AND NORWAY • – FELL ALMOST IMMEDIATELY • – ALSO ATTACKED • NETHERLANDS, BELGIUM • AND LUXEMBOURG • – ALSO FELL QUICKLY

War Breaks Out In Europe • HITLER NEXT WENT AFTER • FRANCE • – FRANCE PREPARED BY FOR A • GERMAN INVASION BY • CONSTRUCTING THE • MAGINOT LINE • – ANINTERCONNECTED SERIES • OF FORTRESSES ALONG THE • FRENCH BORDER WITH • GERMANY

War Breaks Out In Europe • FRANCE HAD ALSO • STATIONED TROOPS ALONG • THE BORDER WITH BELGIUM • – GERMANY ATTACKED • BETWEEN THE MAGINOT • LINE AND BELGIUM • (THE ARDENNES)

War Breaks Out In Europe • GERMANY MADE ITS WAY TO THE ENGLISH • CHANNEL • – TOO SLOW • – FRANCE HAD TIME TO EVACUATE • SOLDIERS THAT WERE AT DUNKIRK • – 338,000 OF THEM • – HAD THEY NOT ESCAPED BRITAIN COULD • NOT HAVE REMAINED IN THE WAR • DESPITE DUNKIRK GERMANS WERE ABLE • TO TAKE PARIS • – FRANCE WAS DIVIDED INTO TWO • SECTIONS • a. NORTH – OCCUPIED FRANCE • b.SOUTH VICHY FRANCE

The Battle of Britain • FRANCE FELL TO HITLER IN 35 DAYS • – HITLER THEN TURNED TO BRITAIN • – AFTER DUNKIRK CHURCHILL SAID HE WOULD NOT • CONTINUE THE POLICY OF APPEASEMENT • HITLER’S PLAN TO INVADE BRITAIN • – CALLED OPERATION SEA LION • – DEPENDED ON THE GERMAN LUFTWAFFE • ( THE GERMANY AIR FORCE ) DESTROYING • THE ROYAL AIR FORCE OF BRITAIN • – THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN WAS AN AIR • BATTLE FOUGHT OVER THE ENGLISH • CHANNEL AND BRITAIN

The Battle of Britain • GERMANY BOMBED CIVILIAN AS WELL AS MILITARY TARGETS • – BRITIAN HELD THEIR OWN • – AND HITLER REALIZED HE MIGHT • FAIL AT THIS BATTLE SO HE • POSTPONED THE INVASION OF • BRITIAN INDEFINITELY

The Debate Over American Involvement • WINSTON CHURCHILL • BELIEVED NAZI AGGRESSION • THREATENED THE FREEDOM • AND RIGHTS OF DEMOCRATIC • NATIONS EVERYWHERE • – PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT • SHARED THIS BELIEF • – ROOSEVELT ALSO KNEW • THAT THE MAJORITY OF • AMERICANS OPPOSED • INVOLVEMENT IN THE WAR

The Debate Over American Involvement • MANY BELIEVED THAT • U.S. INVOLVEMENT IN • WORLD WAR I HAD BEEN • A DEADLY, EXPENSIVE • SACRIFICE AND THE • RISE OF FASCISM IN • EUROPE MADE THE • SACRIFICES OF • WORLD WAR I • SEEM POINTLESS

The Debate Over American Involvement • IN ORDER TO AVOID MAKING THE • MISTAKES THAT HAD LED THE TO U.S. • INVOLVEMENT IN WWI, CONGRESS PASSED • THE NEUTRALITY ACTS OF 1935, 1936 AND • 1937 • THE ACTS IMPOSED CERTAIN • RESTRICTIONS ON AMERICANS DURING • TIMES OF WAR : • 1. AMERICANS WERE PROHIBITED FROM • SAILING ON SHIPS OWNED BY • BELLIGERENTS OR NATIONS AT WAR • 2.PREVENTED AMERICANS FROM MAKING • LOANS TO BELLIGERENTS OR SELLING • THEM ARMS AND MUNITIONS

The Debate Over American Involvement • ROOSEVELT FELT CONFINED BY THE • NEUTRALITY ACTS • – HE WAS ANTI-NAZI AND WANTED TO • AID THE DEMOCRATIC COUNTRIES • OF EUROPE • CONGRESS AGREED AND PASSED • NEUTRALITY ACT OF 1939 • – ALLOWED BELLIGERENT NATIONS • TO BUY GOODS AND ARMS IN THE • U.S. IF THEY PAID CASH AND • CARRIED THE MERCHANDISE ON • THEIR OWN SHIPS

The Debate Over American Involvement • MANY DISAGREED WITH ROOSEVELTS • HELPING THE ALLIES • – BELIEVED HIS POLICIES VIOLATED • AMERICAN NEUTRALITY AND • THREATENED TO PUSH THE U.S. INTO • THE WAR (PAGE 449) • ISOLATIONISTS BELIEVED THAT GIVING • AID TO THE ALLIES WAS • AUTOMATICALLY HARMING THE AXIS • AND WOULD GET THE U.S. INTO THE • WAR • – WANTED COMPLETE NEUTRALITY • EX.:CHARLES LINDBERGH • – BELIEVED THE REAL THREAT • TOTHEU.S. WAS JAPAN AND • THE SOVIET UNION

The Debate Over American Involvement • EDWARD R. MURROW • – CBS REPORTER IN LONDON • DURING THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN • EMPHASIZED THAT THE GERMANS • WERE BOMBING NOT ARMIES OR • MILITARY SITES BUT CIVILIANS • – HIS REPORTS CONVINCED MANY • AMERICANS THAT THE U.S. • NEEDED TO AT LEAST PREPARE • TO DEFEND ITSELF

The Debate Over American Involvement • AFTER THE FALL OF FRANCE • – GERMANY, JAPAN AND ITALY SIGNED • THE TRIPARTITE PACT AND BECAME • ALLIES • – AFTER THIS CONGRESS PASSED A • SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT • ( A PEACETIME DRAFT) • – PROVIDING FOR THE MILITARY • TRAINING OF 1.2 MILLION TROOPS • PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT GAVE BRITAIN • 50 WORLD WAR I ERA BATTLESHIPS IN • EXCHANGE FOR EIGHT BRITISH • DEFENSE BASES

America Takes Steps Toward War • AFTER HIS REELECTION ROOSEVELT INCREASED HIS SUPPORT OF BRITAIN • – ADDRESSED CONGRESS ON JANUARY 6, 1941 – SPEAKING ABOUT THE FOUR FREEDOMS • 1. FREEDOM OF SPEECH • 2. FREEDOM OF WORSHIP • 3. FREEDOM FROM WANT • 4. FREEDOM FROM FEAR • – ALL THESE WERE THREATENED BY NAZI AND • JAPANESE MILITARISM

America Takes Steps Toward War • BRITAIN HAD RUN OUT OF MONEY TO PAY FOR AID SO ROOSEVELT CALLED FOR AMERICA TO BECOME • “THE GREAT ARSENAL FOR DEMOCRACY” • – CONGRESS APPROVED THE LEND–LEASE ACT • – WHICH AUTHORIZED ROOSEVELT TO “SELL, • TRANSFER TITLE TO, EXCHANGE, LEASE, LEND • OR OTHERWISE DISPOSE OF, TO ANY SUCH • GOVERNMENT ANY DEFENSE ARTICLE” • WHENEVER HE THOUGH IT WAS “NECESSARY • IN THE INTEREST OF THE DEFENSE OF THE • U.S.”

America Takes Steps Toward War • BY 1945 THE U.S. HAD SENT • MORE THAN $40 BILLION OF • LEND LEASE AID TO THE • ALLIES • – INCLUDING THE SOVIET UNION • THE LEND LEASE ACT WAS AN • ECONOMIC DECLARATION OF • WAR AGAINST GERMANY AND • THE AXIS POWERS

America Takes Steps Toward War • ROOSEVELT AND CHURCHILL MET • SECRETLY ON A WARSHIP OFF THE • COAST OF NEWFOUNDLAND • – SIGNED THE ATLANTIC CHARTER • – A DOCUMENT THAT ENDORSED • NATIONAL SELF-DETERMINATION • AND AN INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF • GENERAL SECURITY • – THE SIGNING OF THE ATLANTIC • CHARTER SIGNALED THE • DEEPENING ALLIANCE BETWEEN • THE TWO NATIONS

CHAPTER 14 SECTION 2