Carnegie’s Innovations

1. Carnegie’s Innovations • Carnegie searches for ways to make better products more ________________. • Hires talented staff; offers company ________; promotes competition • Uses ____________ integration--- buys out suppliers to control materials • Through _______________ integration merges with competing companies • Carnegie controls almost entire ___________.

2. Social Darwinism and Business • Darwin’s theory of biological evolution: the best adapted ________________ • __________ Darwinism or social evolution, based on Darwin’s theory • Economists use Social Darwinism to justify doctrine of __________________. • Idea of survival, success of the most capable appeals to the ____________.

3. Growth and Consolidation • Businesses try to control industry with ____________ --- buy out competitors • Buy all others to form __________________---control production, wages, prices • ________________ buy all the stock of other companies • John D. Rockefeller founds ______________________, forms trust • Trustees run separate companies as if ___________

4. Rockefeller and the “Robber Barons” • Rockefeller profits by paying low wages, underselling others • When controls market, raises __________ • Critics call industrialists ________________ • Industrialists also become _________________ • Government thinks expanding corporations stifle free _____________ • _________________ Act: trust illegal if interferes with free trade • Prosecuting companies difficult; government stops enforcing act

5. Fewer Control More (2 slides) • South recovering from Civil War, hindered by lack of _________________. North owns 90 % of stock in RR • Northern wages generally __________ than Southern • Exploitation, unsafe conditions unite workers across __________ • Most workers have _________ hour days, _________ day workweeks • Perform repetitive, mind-dulling tasks • No ___________, sick leave, _________ compensation • To survive, families need all members to work, including ____________ • Sweatshops, tenement workshops often only jobs for women/children (require few skills, pay lowest ______)

6. Labor Unions Emerge • National Labor Union– first large-scale national organization • 1868, NLU gets Congress to give _____ hour day to civil servants • Local chapters reject _________; _________ National Labor Union forms • NLU focus on linking existing local unions • Noble Order of the ____________ open to women, blacks, unskilled • Knights support 8 hour day, ___________, arbitration

7. Union Movements Diverge • ______________ include skilled workers from one or more trades • ________________ helps found American Federation of Labor (_______) • AFL uses collective ___________ for better wages, hours, conditions • AFL __________ successfully, wins higher pay, shorter workweek • Industrial unions include skilled, unskilled workers in an industry • Eugene V ___________ forms American Railway Union

8. Socialism and the IWW • Some labor activists turn to _______________ • ___________ control of business, property • ___________ distribution of wealth • Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) or _______________ forms in 1905 • Organized by __________ unionists, socialists; include African Americans • Industrial unions give unskilled workers dignity, _____________ • Japanese, Mexicans form Sugar Beet and Farm Laborers’ Union in California/ Wyoming Fed. Of Labor supports immigrant miners

9. The Great Strike of 1877 • Baltimore and Ohio Railroad strike spreads to other lines • Governors say impeding ______________commerce; federal troops intervene • The Haymarket Affair • 3,000 gather at Chicago’s Haymarket Square, protest police _____________ • Violence ensues; 8 charged with inciting riot, convicted • Public Opinion turns ______________ labor movement

10. Strikes turn Violent • The Homestead Strike • 1892, Carnegie Steel workers strike over pay cuts • Win battle against ______________; National Guard reopens plant • Steelworkers do not remobilize for _______ years • Pullman lays off 3000, cuts _______ but not ________; workers strike • Pullman refuses ________________; violence ensues; federal troops sent • Debs jailed, most workers fired, many ____________

11. Women Organize • Women barred from many __________; unite behind powerful leaders • ____________________ - most prominent organizer in women’s labor • Works for United Mine Workers • Leads children’s ______________ • Pauliene _____________- organizer for International Ladies; Garment Workers • 1911 _________________ fire results in public outrage

12. Management and Government Pressure Unions • Employers forbid ___________; turn Sherman Antitrust Act against _____________ • Legal limitations cripple unions but __________________ rises.