Eras of Music

1. Eras of Music A glance at music’s history

2. The Seven Eras • There are 7 well-known eras of music history: • Ancient (Prehistoric time – 200 AD) • Medieval (200 – 1400 AD) • Renaissance (1400 – 1600 AD) • Baroque (1600 – 1750 AD) • Classical (1750 – 1820 AD) • Romantic (1820 – 1900 AD) • 20th Century (1900 – Present day)

3. Ancient Music (Prehistoric-200AD) • Music Development: • Rhythms were imitations of human movement – chanting, clapping, stomping, etc. • Imitations of Nature – birds, ocean, rain, caves, etc. • Spontaneous vocal expression of emotion – anger, fear, anguish, joy, etc. • Communication – drums, trumpets, horns, bones

4. Ancient Music (Prehistoric-200AD) • Proof of Music: • Cave drawings • Instruments have been found – whistles, drums, bones, sticks • Oral and written stories have been passed down from generation to generation

5. Ancient Music (Prehistoric-200AD) • Why Music Was Created: • Accompany rituals or ceremonies – dances, births, deaths, hunting, marriage, religion, etc. • Tells a story • Expresses emotion and communication • Magical powers – thought to affect character, life and well-being

6. Ancient Music (Prehistoric-200AD) • The Greeks: • They developed one of the first notation systems • Created first music festival in 586 B.C. • The words “music”, “rhythm”, “harmony”, and “cymbal” are all Greek words • Proven instruments by Greeks: Lyre and the Kithara (small harps), Syrinx (panpipes), Tympanon (timpani), and Hydraulus (water organ). • Oldest complete piece of music in history: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7KRnAKzFMhk&feature=related • http://www.amaranthpublishing.com/SongOfSeikilos.htm

7. Medieval (200 – 1400 AD) • General Facts & Historical Events: • Civilizations become more distinct and established • 1209 – St. Francis of Assisi forms order of brotherhood • 1271 – Marco Polo begins journey to the Orient • 1337 – Beginning of the 100 year war between France and England • 1347 – Black Death: 75 million people died. (1/3 of the world population!!) • 1364 – Aztecs build capital city of Tenochtitlan

8. Medieval (200 – 1400 AD) • Music Facts: • We begin to divide into different styles of music according to different locations • Western music (Europe) develops around 300 AD • The music of the Roman church becomes the basis for Western music.

9. Medieval (200 – 1400 AD) • Chant Music: • 600 AD Pope Gregory I collected chants and arranged them in the order they are sung today. • Chant was also known as “Plainchant” • It was notated by Guido d’Arzzo (who also created Solfege). Then, the staff had 4 lines and square note heads. • Chant was A Cappella and sung in unison • It was sung in Latin, which was the text from the Bible • No printing press, only one large song book for everyone • 900 AD music became more elaborate and 2-part developed.

10. Medieval (200 – 1400 AD) • Sacred vs. Secular (Religious music vs. Non-Religious music): • Common themes in secular music: • Emotions – love • Daily life – farming • How music was used: • To express emotions • For entertainment • To praise God.

11. Medieval (200 – 1400 AD) • Composers: • Anonymous • Perotin • Leonin

12. Medieval (200 – 1400 AD) • Instruments: • Use of instruments: • To imitate voices (Sacred) • Used for dances (Secular) • Instruments: • Lutes – early guitars • Harps • Strings (cellos, violin) • Recorders • Dulcimer [a Zither, played with lightweight hammers or sometimes by plucking the strings]

13. Medieval (200 – 1400 AD) *CLASS ACTIVITY* You will create your own notation system with a partner: • You live in a time when music has never been written down • You must create your own notation system; you can’t use the staff or notes that we use today. • The symbols that you choose should be based on the theme for your song. • Please provide a title for your made-up song. • You will NEATLY draw your form of music notation. RUBRIC (50 points): 10 points – display long/short note values 10 points – high/low pitches 10 points – artistry & legibilty 5 points – display a Key that defines the symbols 5 points – rests 5 points – originality 5 points – title

14. Renaissance (1400 – 1600 AD) • Historical Events: • 1431 – Joan of Arc burned at the stake • 1455 – Printing Press was invented • 1475 – Michaelangelo was born • 1492 – Columbus discovers America • 1500 – First pencil was invented • 1517 – Martin Luther posts 95 theses • 1553 – Violin began to further develop • 1564 – Shakespeare was born

15. Renaissance (1400 – 1600 AD) • General Facts: • After the Dark Ages, this was the period of enlightenment [clarification, discoveries] • Renaissance means “Rebirth” • There was more artistic freedom

16. Renaissance (1400 – 1600 AD) • Instruments: • Violin was developed • Lute was at the height of popularity • Bagpipes were created and played on Scottish battlefields • Clavichord was developed (early piano) • Instruments were used for dance music • Instruments began to improvise

17. Renaissance (1400 – 1600 AD) • Vocal Music: • Chant was still used in church and by monks • Mass was created (the sung parts of our Mass – Eucharistic Liturgy) • Motets – are Italian sacred pieces • Chansons – are French secular songs • Secular music began to sing about courtly love (which was a new idea in music) • Women made music outside of church and were gradually allowed to sing in church. • Men’s voices imitated women’s (they sang with Falsetto)

18. Renaissance (1400 – 1600 AD) • Composers: • William Byrd • Giovanni Gabrielli • Giovanni Palestrina • John Dowland

19. Renaissance (1400 – 1600 AD) • Ars Nova (“New Art”): • Creativity • Improvisation • Composers emphasized human emotions • Music became more lively and up-beat • Polyphony was developed (music with multiple melodies)

20. Baroque (1600 – 1750 AD) • Historical Events: • 1609 – Galileo made the first observations with a telescope • 1620 – Mayflower arrived in America • 1705 – Virginia Act established public education

21. Baroque (1600 – 1750 AD) • General Facts: • People were either really wealthy or really poor (there was no Middle Class) • Lifestyles became more elaborate (fancy) • There was a rise in drama, theater, painting, architecture, and music (entertainment)

22. Baroque (1600 – 1750 AD) • Music Facts: • Sharp dynamic contrasts • The livelihood of musicians started to come from the public • Opera was invented • Music became ornate • Music expressed emotion (even in Church music) • Piano was invented, but wasn’t yet popular • Opera and other performances became accessible to the general public • Brass instruments used more often

23. Baroque (1600 – 1750 AD) • Composers: • J.S. Bach • Composed for the church • Played the organ and violin • Wrote music for organ and keyboards • Had 20 children, 5 became musicians • Composed “Toccata and Fugue in D Minor” and “Jesu, Joy of Man’s Desiring” • Antonio Vivaldi • Ordained priest • Nickname – “The Red Priest” due to his bright red hair • Wrote 40 operas, and 500 concertos • Played the violin • Primarily wrote music for strings (violin solos) • Wrote “The Four Seasons” • George Frederic Handel • Played clavichord • Composed for the church • Wrote for orchestra and choir • Composed “Messiah” (3 sections depicting 3 events of Jesus’ life) • Wrote “Water Music” (was written for King George I)

24. Baroque (1600 – 1750 AD) • Instruments: • Harpsichord and strings are the most popular instruments • Instrument families were combined to form smaller groups • Composers wrote solos for instruments • Dance music was popular (Gigue – lively tempo . Waltz – slow, stately tempo) • Type s of Keyboards: • Organ, Harpsichord, and Clavichord • Types of Works: • Fugue – music for keyboards • Chamber music – music for string instruments (mainly), or for small orchestras • Symphony – music for large orchestras • Opera – solo singers and orchestra; Tells a story • Oratorio – music for choir and orchestra. Tells a sacred story

25. Classical (1750 – 1820 AD) • Historical Events: • 1750 – Benjamin Franklin discovers electricity • 1765 – First steam engine • 1773 – Boston Tea Party • 1781 – Revolutionary War ends • 1803 – Louisiana Purchase

26. Classical (1750 – 1820 AD) • General Facts: • Rise of democracy • History was officially recorded • First vaccine is developed • Discovered Oxygen, Hydrogen, and electricity

27. Classical (1750 – 1820 AD) • Music Facts: • Melodies are strong and easy to hum or sing along with • Piano becomes popular • Opera was very popular • Trumpet has keys (valves) • Austria and Italy become important music centers • Music is light, elegant, and fun • Ballet begins and becomes popular

28. Classical (1750 – 1820 AD) • Composers: • Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart • Child prodigy • Began playing piano at age 3 • Began composing at age 4 and touring by age 7 • Composed an opera at the age of 12 • Wrote string quartets, 12 operas, and 41 symphonies • Wrote “The Magic Flute” – comic opera • “A Little Night Music” – sonata • Joseph Hayden • Composed 107 symphonies • “Farewell Symphony” – at the end, musicians left the stage one by one • “Surprise Symphony” – wanted to wake people up with • Ludwig van Beethoven • His music bridges the gap between Classical music and Romantic music

29. Classical (1750 – 1820 AD) • Types of Works: • Opera: comic and serious (has a full orchestra, choir, and solos) • Sonata: small ensemble with solo instruments • Concerto: full orchestra with a main soloist • Symphony: full orchestra (larger than Baroque’s symphony orchestra) • String Quartet: made up of 2 violins, 1 viola, and 1 cello

30. Romantic (1820 – 1900AD) • Historical Events: • 1828 – First passenger and freight railroad • 1835 – Mark Twain is born • 1836 – Texas wins its’ independence from Mexico • 1837 – Music Education begins in Boston • 1844 – YMCA founded • 1860 – Abraham Lincoln becomes president • 1861 – Civil War begins • 1864 – Slavery ends • 1874 – First American Zoo in Philadelphia • 1876 – National Baseball League founded • 1900 – Radio waves transmit human voice/speech

31. Romantic (1820 – 1900AD) • General Facts: • Difficult political times in Europe (because of democracy) • Pianos have become common in homes • Slavery ends in America • Nationality music becomes popular • Impressionistic art becomes popular (less detail, more mood/emotion)

32. Romantic (1820 – 1900AD) • Music Facts: • Greater variety of instruments, especially woodwinds • Melodies are longer • Music becomes more dramatic and emotional • Tempos and dynamics are more extreme • Program music becomes popular – music portrays events or tells a story • Opera becomes very popular • Musicals begin to be written (lighter version of opera) • France and Russia become strong music centers

33. Romantic (1820 – 1900AD) • Instruments: • Brass instruments have valves and become more popular • Piano becomes the dominant instrument • Orchestra gets larger • New woodwinds invented (oboe and saxophone)Virtuosos became popular (exceptional soloists)

34. Romantic (1820 – 1900AD) • Composers: • Ludwig van Beethoven: German; began going deaf in his early 30’s; composed for piano and orchestras; composed “Fur Elise”, “Moonlight Sonata”, “9th Symphony”, and “5th Symphony” • Chopin: pianist • Shubert: composed Art Songs • Robert & Claire Schumann: married couple, both were pianists • Wagner: composed Operas • Tchaikovsky: composed Ballets and Symphonies. Wrote “The Nutcracker” and “The

35. Romantic (1820 – 1900AD) • (Composers continued) • Brahms: pianist • Verdi: composed Opera • Faure: composed Art Songs • Sousa: composed Marches

36. Romantic (1820 – 1900AD) • Types of Works: • Ballet • Opera • Symphony • Concerto • Symphonic Poem (Program Music) • Art Song – vocal solo, emphasis on the story

37. 20th Century (1900 – Present) • Historical Events: • 1914 – World War I • 1920 – Women gain the right to vote • 1929 – Stock market crashes, Great Depression begins • 1939 – WWII • 1959 – Alaska and Hawaii become states • 1961 – First astronaut in space • 1965 – U.S. sends troops to Vietnam • 1969 – Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walk on the moon • 1989 – Berlin wall was torn down • 2001 – September 11th attack on the World Trade Center and Pentagon

38. 20th Century (1900 – Present) • General Facts: • Technology is created and advances rapidly • Light bulb (electricity) • Radio • Television • Computers • Personal computers

39. 20th Century (1900 – Present) • Global Communication & Transportation: • Telephone • Radio & Television • Computers – email & internet • Automobile • Airplane

40. 20th Century (1900 – Present) • Music Facts: • World music is greatly influenced by global communication and transportation • Sound recording industry created • Gap grows between classical and popular music • Electric instruments are created (main reason for large gap between classical and popular music) • All sounds are possible – very experimental (no rules for composing music) • Dissonance is added in large amounts to classical music • America and Britain become a strong music influence

41. 20th Century (1900 – Present) • Instruments: • Player piano • Electric guitar • Electric keyboards (piano & organ) • Synthesizers (electric keyboards that imitate multitudes of sounds) • Electric woodwinds • Mixers

42. 20th Century (1900 – Present) • Composers: • Scott Joplin: father of ragtime • George Gershwin: took jazz to the concert hall • Aaron Copland: classical, orchestral, and folk music • Leonard Bernstein: orchestral, jazz influenced • Duke Ellington: father of swing music • Igor Stravinsky: classical, orchestral music • Rogers & Hamerstein: musicals, musical theater production • John Rutter: choral music • Andrew Lloyd Weber: musicals (Phantom of the Opera, Cats, Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat • Elvis: blues, early rock

43. 20th Century (1900 – Present) • (composers continued): • Beatles: rock n’ roll • Michael Jackson: rock/pop • Madonna: pop • U2: rock • Rolling Stones: rock • B.B. King: blues • Pearl Jam: grunge

44. 20th Century (1900 – Present) • Styles of Music: • Orchestral • Choral & vocal • Opera • Revolutionary • Folk (tells a story) • Blues (African American) • Gospel (African American Christian) • Rock N’ Roll • Jazz (African American) • Country