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AP Human Geography Week #12

AP Human Geography Week #12. Fall 2012. AP Human Geography 11/18/13 http://mrmilewski.com. OBJECTIVE: Examine the concepts in the first trimester of AP Human Geography APHug -Various I. Administrative Stuff -attendance & directions II. Final Exam Review Distribution

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AP Human Geography Week #12

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  1. AP Human Geography Week #12 Fall 2012

  2. AP Human Geography 11/18/13http://mrmilewski.com • OBJECTIVE: Examine the concepts in the first trimester of AP Human Geography APHug-Various • I. Administrative Stuff -attendance & directions • II. Final Exam Review Distribution • NOTICE: Chapter#5 Test TOMORROW!

  3. Reminders & Announcements • 1.) The Chapter#5 Test is Tomorrow (Nov 19th). • 2.) Final Exams Hours 1,2,3 Monday Nov 25th. • 3.) Final Exams Hours 4&5 Tuesday Nov 26th. • 4.) No School Wednesday, Thursday, & Friday Nov 27-29th.

  4. AP Human Geography 11/19/13http://mrmilewski.com • OBJECTIVE: Demonstrate mastery of Chapter#5-Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Sexuality. APHugIII-B.2&3. • I. Administrative Stuff -attendance & distribution of test • II. Chapter#5 Test • Homework: Read p.164-171

  5. AP Human Geography 11/20/13http://mrmilewski.com • OBJECTIVE: Begin examination of Language. APHugIII-B.1 • I. Journal#38 pt.A -Watch the following: American Tongues • II. Quiz#21 • III. Return of Chapter#5 Test • IV. Journal#38 pt.B -notes on language • Homework: Read p.172-180

  6. Europe Map http://www.kidsmaps.com/geography/images/fullsized/modern-polical-europe.png

  7. Language Language – a set of sounds, combinations of sounds, and symbols that are used for communication.

  8. World Language Families

  9. Major Language FamiliesPercentage of World Population Fig. 5-11a: The percentage of world population speaking each of the main language families. Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan together represent almost 75% of the world’s people.

  10. Major World Languages

  11. Major World Languages

  12. Language v. Dialect • It is difficult to classify languages and dialects. • Some scholars treat Quebecan French as a separate language while others consider it a dialect. • Many areas have a very complex linguistic geography- • Africa-has perhaps 1,000 languages • India has about 600

  13. Language Terms • Standard language-an official language sustained by the state in the form of state examination for teachers, civil servants and others. • Dialect-regional variation of a standard language. • Language family-a group of languages descended from a single, earlier tongue. • Language subfamily-a further division of language groups. E.g. Romance language is a subfamily of Indo-European.

  14. Regional differences in a standard language; • Syntax-the way words are put together • Vocabulary • Pronunciation • Cadence or rhythm • Accents can reveal the regional home of a person. • Isogloss-a geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature is found.

  15. Examples • Northern dialect and its subdivisions are found in New England and Canada, extending southward to a secondary dialect are centered on New York. • Midland speech is found along the Atlantic coast from New Jersey southward to central Delaware, but spreads more extensively across the interior of the US and Canada. • The Southern dialect dominates the East coast from the Chesapeake Bay south. • Examples-NorthMidlands & South • pail bucket • brook run or branch • bossie to call cow Sook or Sookie or Sook cow • co or come cow co-wench or co-inch or coo ee • spider skillet or frying pan

  16. Dialect-variants of a standard language along regional or ethnic lines- vocabulary-syntax- pronunciation- cadence-pace of speech Isogloss -A geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs

  17. AP Human Geography 11/21/13http://mrmilewski.com • OBJECTIVE: Review for Trimester#1 Final Exam. • I. Administrative Stuff -Attendance -Final Exam is over Chapters#1-5 • II. Review for Final Exam • NOTICE: Final Exam Monday & Tuesday!

  18. AP Human Geography 11/22/13http://mrmilewski.com • OBJECTIVE: Continue examination of Language. APHugIII-B.1 • I. Journal#39 pt.A -Watch the following: American Tonguespt.3 Deadly Delays, Newborn Screening • II. Quiz#22 • III. Journal#39 pt.B -notes on language • NOTICE: Final Exam Monday & Tuesday!

  19. Origin & Diffusion of Languages • Mother Tongue-the first language spoken by Homo sapiens about 200,000 years ago. • Deep reconstruction-by studying sound shifts, linguists try to re-create an extinct language. • Language divergence-the differentiation that takes place over time and distance. • Language convergence-when long isolated languages make contact through diffusion. • Language replacement-traditional languages of small groups of less advanced people were replaced or greatly modified by an invading tongue. • Linguists can find linkages among languages by examining sound shifts – a slight change in a word across languages over time.

  20. The vocabulary of a ancient language can reveal its cultural hearth. • The Indo-European branches of the language tree at right illustrates the concept of language divergence. • August Schleicher was the first to compare the world’s language families to the branches of a tree.

  21. An example of sound shift: • Latin for milk is lacte • Italian is latta • Spanish is leche • French is lait • Another example of sound shift is: • German vater • Dutch vader • English father • Still another example is • Latin for eight is octo • Spanish is ocho • French is huit

  22. How are Languages Formed? • Mutual Intelligibility- means two people can understand each other when speaking. Problems: • Cannot measure mutual intelligibility • Many “languages” fail the test of mutual intelligibility • Standard languages and governments impact what is a “language” and what is a “dialect”

  23. How do Languages Diffuse? • human interaction-2,000 years ago-Han China, Roman Empire-spread languages over vast empires • print distribution-Gutenberg’s movable type printing press (1452-first Gutenberg Bible) helped to diffuse, standardize & stabilize European languages • Migration-ancient & more recent migration from 16th century to now diffused languages e.g. Spanish, Portuguese, English & French • Trade-encouraged the spread of goods & languages • Rise of nation-states-stabilized & standardized languages • Colonialism-mercantilism & colonies spread European languages in the Americas, Africa & Asia

  24. Spatial Interaction helps create • Lingua franca – A language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce. • Pidgin language – a language created when people combine parts of two or more languages into a simplified structure and vocabulary. • Creole language – a pidgin language that has developed a more complex structure and vocabulary and has become the native language of a group of people.

  25. Examples of lingua franca • First known lingua franca was a pidgin language created in the 1200s along the Mediterranean Sea-Southern France – Franks language mixed with Italian, Greek, Spanish and Arabic-came to be known as a Frankish language or lingua franca • Arabic became a lingua franca during the Islamic expansion-English did so in the colonial period • Swahili is the lingua franca of the East African coast-developed from African bantu mixed with Arabic & Persian-50 million speakers from southern Somalia to East African Lakes region. • Creole-stems from a pidgin language formed in Caribbean from English, French & Portuguese mixed with African languages • South East Asia-Bazaar Malay is spoken from Myanmar to Indonesia, Philippines to Malaysia-a lingua franca in the region.

  26. Monolingual State a country in which only one language is spokenMultilingual Statea country in which more than one language is in useOfficial Languageshould a multilingual state adopt an official language?

  27. Examples • Monolingual states-Japan, Uruguay, Venezuela, Iceland, Denmark, Portugal, Poland, and Lesotho. • Multilingual State-Canada, Belgium, India, Peru-with Indigenous languages • Official Language-many former colonies adopted English, French, or Portuguese as official languages to tie people together: • Angola-Portuguese • Nigeria & Ghana-English • Ivory Coast-French • India-Hindi & English are official languages • Tanzania-English & Swahili

  28. Language Family Trees

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