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-Moderate climate

FORESTS. -Moderate climate. -Improve air quality. -Regulate water flow. -Protect aquatic. ecosystems. -Promote biodiversity. Timber for construction. Pulp and Paper Mill. Vancouver Island. Forest management.

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-Moderate climate

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  1. FORESTS -Moderate climate -Improve air quality -Regulate water flow -Protect aquatic ecosystems -Promote biodiversity

  2. Timber for construction

  3. Pulp and Paper Mill Vancouver Island

  4. Forest management • Forests provide us timber, and this has helped our society achieve the standard of living we enjoy today. • Forests are also natural ecosystems that are severely altered by timber harvesting. • The practice of forestry has had to balance these two identities in trying to manage forest resources.

  5. Soil-plant-atmosphere system p = ET + r + S Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight  C6H12O6 + 6O2 Respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy Regulation of moisture regime Photosynthesis and Evaporation

  6. Leaf Photosynthesis Maximum photosynthetic capacity Photosynthesis (mol C m-2 s-1) Light compensation point Varies with QUE, R Respiration rate, R PAR (molm-2 s-1)

  7. Leaf-level net photosynthesis modelling Thornley and Johnson (1990) (Just one example)

  8. NEE and Net Canopy Photosynthesis Determined by: Photosynthetically active radiation Temperature Vapour pressure deficit Light extinction and canopy structure Leaf area distribution Canopy vs. understorey photosynthetic capacity Soil Moisture Soil and leaf nutrient status Interspecies competition Ultraviolet radiation Diffuse vs. spectral radiation

  9. Matt's Cloud Forest Site • 1000m 20 de Julio Field Station, Parque Nacional Munchique CAUCA 1500m El Tambo PALO VERDE CATCHMENT • 2000m Bosque Station Home • 2500m Campo Station • TAMBITO CATCHMENT 3000m · Cartagena · Cúcuta · Medellin · Bogotá Buenaventura · · Cali COLOMBIA 1 kilometre · Popayán · Pasto CEAT - CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS AMBIENTALES TAMBITO · 100 km Leticia

  10. Photosynthetically active radiation molm-2 s-1

  11. Temperature Average Daily Maximum Temperature 23°C (1100m) - 11°C (3000m)

  12. Humidity & Vapour Pressure Deficit Relative Humidity (Per-cent) Solar Hour

  13. Precipitation Rainfall in mm Month

  14. Soil Moisture

  15. Soil nutrient concentration Spatial distribution is also important

  16. Plant Canopies and Carbon Dioxide Flux in the middle latitudes At night: - canopy to atmosphere - respiration from leaves, plant roots, soil Daytime: - CO2 assimilation exceeds respiration Seasonal Variation in Temperate Environments Spring: Uptake increases with leaf area index and solar radiation availability/day length Midsummer: Fc drops despite sun, due to soil moisture depletion – flux higher in morning Winter: Small, negative flux in temperate climates

  17. Internal Carbon Allocation Foliage Rooting networks Woody biomass

  18. High Biodiversity Old-growth Forest

  19. LOW BIODIVERSITY

  20. Importance of Old Growth Forest Habitat: Mosses, lichen, insects, squirrels, birds Temperature regulation New nutrient rich material (dead biomass) Fungi and insect habitat Prevention of erosion *** Biodiversity *** Carbon uptake?

  21. Agroforestry

  22. Monocultural Rubber Plantation Myanmar

  23. Rubber - tea agroforestry in China

  24. Silvopasture

  25. 'Reforestation' of Degraded Land

  26. Main Forest Types Tropical Forests Temperate Forests Boreal Forests 40% of the Earth's land surface in forested biomes

  27. Tropical Forests 1.7 billion ha -15 million ha/y

  28. Clearing Tropical Forest for Agriculture

  29. Cocoa Banana Sugar

  30. Timber extraction

  31. Fuelwood

  32. Mahogany Teak Sandalwood Rosewood Balsa

  33. REVIEW Temperate Forests 1.7 billion ha

  34. Temperate Rain Forest

  35. Tall Coniferous Species of Canada's Temperate Rainforest Western Red Cedar Sitka Spruce Douglas Fir Western Hemlock Yellow Cedar

  36. Temperate Broadleaf Forest Source:atlas.gc.ca

  37. Temperate Mixed Forest Central Ontario Photo: L. Kissau

  38. Boreal Forest Spruce, Fir, Pine, Larch, Aspen, Willow 920 million ha

  39. Canadian Forestry Facts • Forestry products are largest contributor to • Canada’s trade surplus (energy sector next) • Almost 0.5% of Canada’s productive forest • is harvested every year • A 1m x 1m stack of one year’s wood harvest • would circle the globe more than 4 times • (twice for B.C. alone) • BC’s share is falling, New Brunswick’s share • is rising (private ownership – no U.S. penalty)

  40. Provincial governments have opened public • lands to multinationals (for pulp and paper • mills, sawmills, plywood plants etc.) • Nearly 100% of Canada’s most productive • boreal forest, including several provincial • parks and wildlife reserves… is available for • logging • Timber harvesting conflicts with indigenous • people’s traditional uses of forest land • Total forested area expanding in the US, • but not yet in Canada

  41. Demand for wood products, and for open land for agriculture, has led to deforestation, the clearing and loss of forests, throughout the world. Africa and Latin America are losing their forests most quickly. Forests are starting to grow back in North America and Europe after centuries of deforestation. Forests and Deforestation Figure 16.7

  42. CLEARCUTTING Most cost-effective and environmentally-deleterious method 85% of Canadian logging operations

  43. Gilford Island, Johnstone Strait

  44. St. Maurice, PQ

  45. Coniferous Forest Clearcutting Whitecourt, AB (Patch clearcutting) Visible imagery Radar imagery Source: NRCAN

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