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Globalization I-3:

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Globalization I-3:

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    1. Globalization I-3: Hybridity and Reflexive Postmodernism

    2. What have we learned so far?

    3. What have we learned so far?

    4. What have we learned so far?

    5. Some Questions . . . Is contemporary globalization a form of cultural imperialism or standardization? Is it ok to develop one’s style(s) with the signs from global culture? (Say, wearing bell-bottoms [???] without being a hippie, dancing hip-hop without knowing Afro-American culture.) What do you think about the following example? (You can change the TV program into one on Taiwan made by a Dutch or British company.)

    6. There was this Englishman. . . who worked in the London office of a multinational corporation based in the United States. He drove home one evening in his Japanese car. His wife, who worked in a firm which imported German kitchen equipment, was already at home. Her small Italian car was often quicker through the traffic. After a meal which included New Zealand lamb, Californian carrots, Mexican honey, French cheese and Spanish wine, they settled down to watch a programme on their television set, which had been made in Finland. The programme was a retrospective celebration of the war to recapture the Falkland Islands. As they watched it, they felt warmly patriotic, and very proud to be British. ? Is he British or globalized? Is it ok to feel patriotic still? (Williams, R. (1983). The Year 2000 (p. 117). New York: Phantheon. Originally published as Towards 2000, London: Chatto & Windus).

    7. What do the international signs and products mean? What does working for a foreign company mean? Is the patriotism inspired by a documentary an illusive one, or residues of British imperialism? The questions are:

    8. Outline [Note--skip] The chapter on Cindy Sherman– image, vision and our identity Four Views on Globalization (next time: The world interconnected in our experience of risk and trauma) Hybridity in consumer culture –examples – glocalization and appropriation Hybridity as Mimicry Aesthetic Self-Reflexivity –examples (? New Social Movements; not our focus) For Next Week . . . Reference

    9. Four Views on Globalization: 1. Clash of Civilizations (textbook chap 10: 44) Samuel Huntington: the West vs. non-Western –fault lines/gaps in between “The fault lines include Islam’s borders in Europe (as in former Yugoslavia), Africa (animist or Christian cultures to the south and west), and Asia (India, China)” (45). recommends greater cooperation and unity in the West, between Europe and North America

    10. Four Views on Globalization: 1. Clash of Civilizations (2) Another perspective (in brief; source 1 2) Benjamin R. Barber -- Jihad vs McWorld: How Globalism and Tribalism Are Reshaping the World (note: Jihad—”struggle”? holy war or trivallism) Neither of the two supports democracy McWorld threatens Jihad and leads to the latter’s violent reactions Barber supports local democracy.

    11. Four Views on Globalization: 2. Standardization and homogenization (chap 10: 51-) An extension of rationalization and standardization of labor production of the modern world + commodification (or Calculability, Control, Predictability, FAMILIARITY) “McDonald’s formula is successful because it is efficient (rapid service), calculable (fast and inexpensive), predictable (no surprises), and controls labor and customers.” ? McDonaldization of Society: (the process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as of the rest of the world. )

    12. Four Views on Globalization: 2. Standardization and homogenization (chap 10: 51-) E.g. – (54) McJobs, McInformation, McCitizens, McUniversity, McTourism, McCulture, McPrisons, McCourts (Gottdiener 2000, Ritzer 2002, Stojkovic et al. 1999). Also, 7-11, Starbucks, … = Americanization ? ? localization of MacDonalds 52 = glocalization In Russian, in Taiwan ? Do you agree?

    13. homogenization –superficial or in-depth Cultural assimilation of the signs and languages but not of the grammars Skin-deep assimilation (or hybridization): of hair color, commodities, foods, services, fasions “depth” or base: process of production and ideologies implied.

    14. Four Views on Globalization: 2. Standardization & Cultural Imperialism (Barker p. 115) a new form of Empire: Empire By Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri Empire= a singular system of global governance; not a system of discipline but that of command. "sovereignty has taken a new form, composed of a series of national and supranational organisms united under a single logic of rule. " (xii). “It is a decentered and deterritorializing apparatus of rule that progressively incorporates the entire global realm within its open, expanding frontiers. Empire manages hybrid identities, flexible hierarchies, and plural exchanges through modulating networks of command. The distinct national colors of the imperialist map of the world have merged and blended in the imperial global rainbow” (xii-xiii).

    15. Globalization: 3. Hybridity or Interactions between the Global and the Local (55) (review) – considered negative in the 19th century Globalization -- Interaction between the global and the local: dialectic; disjunctive and multiple fronts; contrapuntal (??) ? New Hybridity or Creolization = on both the levels of consumption (esp. of fashions, foods and music) and identity/cultural production (Barker p. 118-119) -- e.g in consumption, cultural styles in one city, and genetic mixing of plants?

    16. Globalization: 3-2. Hybridity or Interactions between the Global and the Local “Rhizomorphic (???; decentered and expansive growth with nodes) and disjunctive global flows are characterizable less in terms of domination and more as a forms of cultural hybridity. “ (Barker 117) -- subverts nationalism, identity politics, -- reflects a postmodern sensibility of cut’n’mix, transgression, subversion. -- represents, in Foucault’s terms, a “resurrection of subjugated knowledges” Examples of cultural hybridity which are constructive or active? ? hybridity as mimicry or self-reflexive hybridity (later)

    17. Globalization: 4. Aesthetic Reflexivity in Economies of Signs (Scott Lash and John Urry) Rapid production and spreading of signs by computers, television sets, VCRs and hi-fis; Two possible outcome: 1) blasé, anomie: bombarded and incapable of attaching meanings to them; 2) Aesthetic reflexivity: abilities to use the signs and create with them meanings of one’s self and society. e.g. “Money for Nothing” by Dire Strait

    18. Globalization: 3. Aesthetic Reflexivity Aesthetic reflexivity defined: a. Signs = detachment (disembeddedness) from their original contexts ? aestheticization of material objects ? re-embedding. (re-creating their social meanings) b. “If cognitive reflexivity is a matter of 'monitoring' of self, and of social-structural roles and resources, then aesthetic reflexivity entails self-interpretation and the interpretation of social background practices.”

    19. Aesthetic Reflexivity—another view Jameson: overall commodification ? lack of critical distance Lash and Urry: prevalence of signs ? reflexivity in choice of signs and reconstruction of meanings. It is always there in arts and literature, just in different forms. In postmodernism, the ‘signs’ of self-reflexivity = ‘author/writing,’ ‘reader/reading,’ frames in the texts, or any other ‘peripheral’ and artificial elements (camera, books, language, stage), etc. These signs “can be” overdone, or floating in the texts, or in mass media, without constructing any self-reflexive meaning or the ‘social.’

    20. Examples of Hybridization of Culture: 1. Glocalization on consumption level Sea food pizza in Taiwan, no beef burger in India or pork burger in Muslim countries. ? rice burger, burger with Japanese flavors, etc. ? ?? with salad; mango sandwich, etc. Your examples?

    21. Examples of Hybridization of Culture: 2. Cultural Appropriation Mu Lan; Evita, Mummy Returns Enigma +?????????????? ’Return of innocence’ -- 1994?????,1996?????????

    22. Examples of Hybridization of Culture: Mimicry and Masquerade From Cindy Sherman (1, 2) to ????

    23. Examples of Hybridization of Culture: 3. Cultural Critique The diaspora writers: e.g. ???Tseng Kwong Chi (1950—1990; Hong Kong ? Canada ? Paris ? New York)(??Ť??????ť With the classic Mao Tse-Tung suit, dark eyeglasses and an identity tag stamped "SlutforArt". . . . he inserted himself in stereotypically touristic sites, from the Eiffel Tower to Kamakura, Japan, from the Statue of Liberty to Hollywood, CA, ricocheting between nature and culture to develop a massive series of self portraits entitled the Expeditionary Series or East Meets West. ? issues of cultural identity, tourism and tourist photography.

    24. Disneyland, California 1979 Tseng Kwong Chi Gelatin Silver Print - 36 x 36 inches Printed 1997 Edition of 9

    25. Statue of Liberty, New York; L'Arc de Triumph, Paris

    26. Examples of Hybridization of Culture: 4. Cultural Revitalization ?????????(and their polyphonic singing style ??)?????????David Darling??ŤMihumisa(n)g???ť?? --?????????????????????? (source: 1, 2) Darling’s experience of cultural communication: regretting not taking the cigarette offered by the chief.

    27. ????ku-isa tama lang (???) “laug”(??-???)??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ??”puni”(??-???)? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? (??)???????????

    28. Examples of Hybrid arts Paul Simon’s Graceland (with Ladysmith Black Mambazo and the innovative a cappella ?? vocal harmonies of mbube music.—light rhythm, like footsteps) Paul Simon’s act against Apartheid.

    29. Graceland (1988)

    30. Examples of Cosmopolitan/Hybrid arts (2) Yo Yo Ma "Soul of the Tango" "Obrigado Brazil" Chega de Saudade – “"Saudade" is a uniquely Portuguese word for "longing" that has no direct English equivalent; the music, however, says it all. ” (sample from Amazon) Lambarena-Bach to Africa Sankanda + Lasset Uns Den Nicht Zerteilen

    31. Examples of Self-Reflexive Arts The Canvas of Time: (Jacque Leduc) ???? Desperanto (or "Let Sleeping Girls Lie" Patricia Rozema) ??? ??

    32. Examples of Self-Reflexivity as meaningless signs in popular culture MTV channels – ???MTV, MTV’s commercials Music video: “If”

    33. For Next Week . . . read chap 11~12;   Watch group report text: Ararat

    34. Reference Lash, Scott and John Urry. Economies of Signs and Space. London: Sage, 1994.

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