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Anatomy and Physiology Unit 1 - Organization

Anatomy and Physiology Unit 1 - Organization. I. Course Overview A. Semester 2 Policy handout. B. System approach - Form (anatomy) and function (physiology). 1. Greek and Latin inclusion. a. The various disciplines of science are named with words of various Greek and Latin origin.

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Anatomy and Physiology Unit 1 - Organization

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  1. Anatomy and PhysiologyUnit 1 - Organization

  2. I. Course Overview A. Semester 2 Policy handout. B. System approach - Form (anatomy) and function (physiology). 1. Greek and Latin inclusion.

  3. a. The various disciplines of science are named with words of various Greek and Latin origin.

  4. 1) Biology - The study of Life. Including Zoology and Botany.

  5. 2) Morphology - The study of form and structure. (could be life or non)

  6. a) Anatomy - generally referring to organisms i. Macroanatomy - macro = large (see with naked eye) ii. Histology = study of tissues iii. cytology = study of cells

  7. 3) Physiology - The study of function 4) Others: Biochemistry, psychology, pathology (study of disease) Genetics (beginnings i.e., Genesis).

  8. b. System-specific word lists. 2. Function and Form are interrelated.

  9. 3. The body systems: skeletal, muscular, nervous, digestive, respiratory, circulatory (including immune), urinary, reproductive (or urogenital), endocrine, integumentary.

  10. See Table 1-2, page 9 Organ Systems

  11. a. We will look at most if not all of these "systems" but may combine a few and call it one "system".

  12. II. The Plan of the Human Body A. Structural organization 1. Cells: specialization

  13. 2. Tissues.- Four types a. Epithelial -covers and protects surfaces b. Connective - joins various parts and provides support.

  14. c. Muscular - allows movement d. Nervous - responds to stimuli and cordinates bodily activity. 3. Organs and organ systems

  15. 4. Organism B. Anatomical reference systems 1. Direction

  16. a. anterior (ventral)/posterior(dorsal) b. superior (cranial)/inferior (caudal)

  17. c. medial/lateral reference to midline of the body

  18. d. proximal/distal reference to the point of attachment e. parietal/visceral parietal = pertains to the outer layer or wall visceral = covering of an organ

  19. 2. Planes of Sectionsa. sagittal = any verticle plane making left and right portions

  20. Coronal = Frontal

  21. b. midsagittal = midline plane making equal right and left portions

  22. c. frontal (coronal) = division of the body into anterior/posterior sections.

  23. d. transverse = division of the body into superior and inferior sections.

  24. 3. Cavities a. dorsal cavity - brain and spinal cord b. ventral cavity

  25. 1) thoracic = lungs and the heart

  26. 2) abdominal = the viscera (guts) = digestive organs, kidneys and spleen a) pelvic cavity = bladder, reproductive organs

  27. III. An introduction to scientific terminology.

  28. A. Word roots: In the word "speaker", speak- is the word root. In the word "cytology", cyt- is the word root.

  29. B. Combining vowel: We combine speed and meter but we call it speedometer. The vowel, "o" combines the two roots. This was done to help pronunciation.

  30. C. Combining form- the root and combining vowel

  31. Assignment: Word origins - Introduction

  32. Word + Combining = Combiningrootformvowelspeed- o speed-o therm- o therm-o phon- o phon-o

  33. D. The suffix: a syllable or syllables added at the end of the word root or combining form to change the meaning of the root, give it grammatical function, or to form a new word.

  34. cyt- ology = the study of cells (verb) cyt- olog ist = one who specializes in the study of cells

  35. E. The prefix: a syllable or syllables placed before the word to alter its meaning or create a new word. side, out-side, in-side

  36. Examples of the above elements combined:

  37. autobiographical auto-bi-o-graph-ic-al auto: prefix bi: word root o: combining vowel graph: word root ic: suffix al: suffix

  38. IV. Cells, the basic unit of life. Cytology. (Chapter 3, Wingerd)

  39. A. Functions (in addition to basic process of life) 1. Special functions discussed later ( nerve cells, muscle, etc.)

  40. 2. Transportation through cell membranes. a. Physical Processes - Movement from high concentration to low

  41. 1) Diffusion = the spreading out of particles by random molecular motion.

  42. a) examples: v Oxygen and Carbon dioxide between air and blood

  43. v molecules between blood and extracellular areas in tissues v molcules between the cells and extracellular areas

  44. b) rate of diffusionv drops dramatically as the distance increases (10 mm in 15 ms, size of basketball in 256 days for oxygen)

  45. v varies with material (10 mmin 3.5 sec. for glucose)

  46. v varies with membrane permeability (ability of membrane to allow materials to pass through it)

  47. 2) Osmosis = diffusion of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane. One that does not let all solute in the solvent through it.

  48. a) The driving force is the difference in solvent concentrations.This difference creates osmotic pressure.

  49. b) Solution concentrations determine osmotic pressure. c) Terminology in reference to cells

  50. isotonic solution = same osmotic pressure as cellhypotonic solution = less than the cell hypertonic solution = more than the cell

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