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Evolution of Bipedalism: The Anatomy of Walking on Two Feet

Bipedalism, the ability to walk habitually on two feet, has necessitated significant anatomical changes in humans compared to our ape relatives. Key modifications include a shorter, broader pelvis that stabilizes weight transmission, longer legs for enhanced movement, and a specialized foot structure that provides stable support. The femur's inward angle is crucial for maintaining balance. Insights into these adaptations reveal why hominins evolved bipedalism, offering a glimpse into our evolutionary journey and how these changes enabled more efficient locomotion.

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Evolution of Bipedalism: The Anatomy of Walking on Two Feet

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  1. Chapter 8 Primate and Hominin Origins

  2. Walking on two feet? How does that work?

  3. Bipedalism! To walk habitually on two feet, there had to be substantial changes to the pelvis, knees, and feet. The Pelvis is comparatively much shorter and broader than an Ape’s and extends around to the side, stabilizing the line of weight transmission from lower back to hip joint Example…

  4. Human Os Coxae • The human os coxae is composed of three bones (right side shown).

  5. Ossa Coxae (“hip bones”) • (a) Homo sapiens. • (b) Early hominin from South Africa. • (c) Great ape. • Note the length and breadth of the iliac blade (boxed) and the line of weight transmission.

  6. More Ossa Coxae

  7. Bipedalism! To walk habitually on two feet, there had to be substantial changes to the pelvis, legs/knees, and feet. The Legs and Knees …

  8. Longer legs, full knee extension Land on heal ·Push off toes ·Longer limbs to maximize movement ·Full extension of Knee

  9. Femur - The femur is angled inward, keeping legs under the body

  10. Bipedalism! To walk habitually on two feet, there had to be substantial changes to the pelvis, legs/knees, and feet. The Feet…

  11. Foot as stable suport

  12. Models on WHY? Why we became bipedal (6 hypotheses) Efficient bipedalism as the primary form of locomotion is seen only in hominins.

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