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From 1965 to 1968, urban African Americans faced significant challenges, including race riots in cities like Detroit, prompting the deployment of military forces. The Kerner Commission recommended job creation and housing initiatives, which were largely ignored due to the Vietnam War. Meanwhile, Martin Luther King Jr. shifted focus to economic rights, leading the Chicago Movement to address dire housing conditions. This era also saw the rise of Black Power, with leaders like Stokely Carmichael advocating for economic self-determination. The assassination of MLK in 1968 exacerbated tensions and division within the Civil Rights Movement.
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Chapter 29 Section 3 New Issues
Problems Facing Urban African Americans • 1965-1968 Race riots broke out in many cities. • Worst riot was in Detroit. • Army was sent in w/ tanks & soldiers. • Kerner Commission made recommendations that would prevent further riots. • Suggested the creation of 2 million jobs in inner cities & 6 million new units of public housing. • Johnson didn’t endorse due to massive spending on the Vietnam War.
The Shift to Economic Rights • After criticism for failing to improve the economic condition of A.A., King focused on that. • Chicago Movement – called attention to housing conditions. • King moved into a slum apt in Chicago
King led a march through Marquette Park. Mayor Richard Daley protected the marchers and proposed a program to clean up the slums. Economic Rights
After 1965, many A.A. turned away from non-violent teachings of King. Stokely Carmichael thought A.A. should control the social, political, & economic direction of their struggle. Black Power
Black Power • Black Power stressed a pride in A.A. culture & opposed cultural assimilation, or the philosophy of incorporating different racial or cultural groups into the dominant society. • Dr. King was critical of black power.
Symbol of the Black Power movement. Was a member of the Nation of Islam, known as the Black Muslims, who believed that A.A. should separate themselves from whites & form their own self-governing communities. Malcolm X
Malcolm X broke from the N of I and began to believe an integrated society was possible. 1965 – 2 members of the N of I shot him. Malcolm X
Black Panthers • Formation of the Black Panthers was the result of a new generation of militant A.A. leaders preaching black power, black nationalism, and economic self-sufficiency. • Believed a revolution was necessary to gain equal rights. • Adopted a “Ten Point Program”
Assassination of MLK, Jr. • By the late 1960s, the CRM had split into many competing organizations. • The result was no further legislations to help A.A. • April 4, 1968 – MLK was shot by a sniper causing mourning and riots in more than 100 cities.
Civil Rights Act of 1968 • Contained a fair housing provision outlawing discrimination in housing sales and rentals.
“I’ve been to the mountaintop…I’ve looked over and I’ve seen the Promised Land. I may not get there with you but I want you to know tonight that we as a people will get to the Promised Land.”
End of Chapter 29 Next – A BRUTALLY HARD TEST!
