Table of Contents

1. Table of Contents • What Is an Animal? • Animal Symmetry • Sponges and Cnidarians • Worms

2. What is an Animal? Eukaryotic Heterotrophic Most are multi-cellular Most are mobile Most reproduce sexually

3. Structure vs. Function • What is the difference? • http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/structure • http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/function • How do these terms relate to Biology and the study of animals?

4. - What Is an Animal? Structure of Animals • The cells of most animals are organized into higher levels of structure, including tissues, • organs, and systems.

5. Function of Animals • The four major functions of all animals include: • Obtaining Food & Oxygen • Keeping Conditions Stable • Movement • Reproduction • Animals haveadaptationsthat allow them to perform these basic functions in their respective environments.

6. - What Is an Animal? Classification of Animals • This branching tree shows how the major animal groupsare related. There

7. Body structure • Development • DNA • *These criteria help classify animals into ~35 major groups or phylums. How are animals classified?

8. Vertebrates vs. Invertebrates • Vertebrates are simply animals with a backbone (like yourself) • Invertebrates are animals without a backbone • *The majority of all animals are invertebrates!

9. End of Section:What Is an Animal?

10. - Animal Symmetry Comparing and Contrasting • As you read, compare and contrast the characteristics of animals with bilateral symmetry and radial symmetry in a Venn diagram like the one below. Write the similarities in the space where the circles overlap and the differences on the left and right sides. Radial Symmetry Bilateral Symmetry One line of symmetry, halves that are mirror images, front end with sense organs, quick movement Many lines of symmetry, no distinct front end, live in water, move slowly Balanced arrangement of parts, perform all the basic life functions

11. End of Section:Animal Symmetry

12. Sponge Bob!

13. Natural sponge

14. Classification • Kingdom:Animalia (animals) • Phylum:Porifera (sponges) • Classes Include: • Calcarea(calcerous sponges - having spicules), Demospongiae (horn sponges, like the bath sponge), Scleropongiae (coralline or tropical reef sponges), and Hexactinellida (glass sponges). • *Sponge species can vary greatly in size!

15. Sponges • The sponge is an Invertebrate. • It has no symmetry. • it has no circulatory system. • The sponge will live in one place at all times.

16. Food Sources • It is a filter feeder, and will collect small food by filtering the water. • The sponge is an omnivore. • Flagella reaching from center keep water moving.

17. Habitat • You can find the sponge in all of the oceans. • The sponge lives exclusively on the ocean floor. • Although it lives in all zones it’s mostly seen in the sunlight zone.

18. Predators • Man will hunt sponges for their skeletons. • The sponges defenses include toxins and sharp barbs. • Starfish and mollusks feed on sponges. • Some smaller animals use the sponge for shelter

19. Enviromental Impact • Sponges can harm their hosts, destroying coral reefs and riverbeds • Water pollutants can lower oxygen levels and kill water breathers • Thermal pollution can cause overgrowth and disrupt the food chain

20. Interesting Facts • When a sponge is broken, each piece becomes a new sponge. • They are some of the simplest animals. • Sponge skeletons consist of spicules or hard glass spikes.

21. - Sponges and Cnidarians Sponges • Structures surrounding the central cavity of a sponge are adapted for different functions.

22. - Sponges and Cnidarians Sponges • The sexual reproduction of sponges involves a larval stage that moves. Adult sponges stay in one place.

23. Sponge Reproduction • Asexual reproduction is the process where a genetically identical animal is produced from only one parent. • Budding is a form of asexual reproduction in which a new organism grows on another one. The new organism remains attached as it grows, separating from the parent organism only when it is mature. Since the reproduction is asexual, the newly created organism is a clone and is genetically identical to the parent organism. • A hermaphrodite is an organism that has reproductive organs normally associated with both male and female sexes. • Sexual reproduction refers to the fertilization of a female egg with a male sperm. • A larva (plurallarvae) is an immature form of an animal that looks different from the adult.

24. To calculate the rate of water flow in a sponge, divide the volume of water that the sponge filters by the time it takes the water to pass through the sponge. Flow rate = Volume of water/Time For example, a marble-sized sponge filters 15.6 liters of water in a day. How many liters does it filter per hour? Practice Problem In four days, a sponge filters 1,200 L. What is its rate of water flow per day? 300 L/day - Sponges and Cnidarians Calculating a Rate

25. - Sponges and Cnidarians Cnidarians • Cnidarians have two basic body plans, the vase-shaped polyp and the bowl-shaped medusa.

26. - Sponges and Cnidarians Cnidarians • Cnidarians include jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones. • These invertebrate animals use stinging cells called nematocysts to capture food and defend themselves.

27. Jellyfish Stings…OUCH!

28. - Sponges and Cnidarians Cnidarians • The life cycle of a moon jelly has both a polyp and a medusa stage. • Sexual and asexual reproduction allows rapid increases in population

29. Portuguese Man o' War • Made up of four separate polyps working together as a whole (flotation, defense, feeding, and reproduction) • Cannot swim on its own and requires ocean currents for mobility

30. - Sponges and Cnidarians Comparing and Contrasting • As you read, compare and contrast sponges and cnidarians by completing a table like the one below. Sponges Cnidarians Feature Polyp or medusa, central body cavity, tentacles Body structure Hollow body with pores Cell type that traps food Collar cells Stinging cells Method(s) of reproduction Sexual and asexual Sexual and asexual

31. End of Section:Sponges and Cnidarians

32. - Worms Characteristics of Worms • Biologists classify worms into three major phyla—flatworms, roundworms, and segmented worms.

33. - Worms Life Cycle of a Dog Tapeworm • This flatworm is a parasite that lives in more that one host during its life cycle.

34. - Worms Roundworm Numbers • Biologists counted all the roundworms living in a plot of soil. Then they calculated the percentage that lives in different depths of soil.

35. In the first centimeter Reading Graphs: Where in the soil was the largest percentage of roundworms found? - Worms Roundworm Numbers

36. About 87% Calculating: What is the total percentage of roundworms found in the first 3-cm depth of soil? - Worms Roundworm Numbers

37. The deeper the soil, the fewer the worms Drawing Conclusions: What is the relationship between the depth of soil and the abundance of roundworms in the soil? - Worms Roundworm Numbers

38. - Worms Segmented Worms • Earthworms and other segmented worms have bodies made up of many linked sections called segments.

39. - Worms Using Prior Knowledge • Before you read, write what you know about worms in a graphic organizer like the one below. As you read, write what you learn. What You Know Worms are long and skinny. Worms live in the ground and digest soil. Worms are slimy and wriggly. What You Learned Worms have bilateral symmetry. Some worms are flat. Some worms live in water. Some worms are parasites. Worms have a nervous system.

40. - Worms More on Worms • Click the PHSchool.com button for an activity about worms.

41. End of Section:Worms

42. Graphic Organizer Sponge releases sperm. Sperm enter another sponge and fertilize egg cell. Larva settles on a surface and develops into adult sponge. The Life of a Sponge Water currents carry away larva. Larva develops.

43. End of Section:Graphic Organizer