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The Anatomy of Tissues and Blood Composition

Explore the intricate structures of tissues and hematopoiesis, including epithelia, glands, and blood cell formation. Learn about the theories and classifications of hematopoietic cells.

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The Anatomy of Tissues and Blood Composition

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  1. Tissues • Tissue – aggregation of cells and noncellular structures, which have similar structure, function and development • General • 1. Epithelia • 2. Inner environment (blood and connective) • Special • 1. Muscular • 2. Nerve

  2. Simple epithelia

  3. Stratified epithelia:1. Stratified squamous nonkeratinized2. Stratified squamous keratinized3. Transitional (urothelium)

  4. Endothelium Mezothelium

  5. Simple cuboidal epithelium

  6. Simple columnar epithelium

  7. Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

  8. Urothelium of urinary bladder

  9. Urothelium of urethra

  10. Glands

  11. Glands

  12. Goblet cells

  13. Blood and hematopoiesis • Blood compounds and functions • Plasma • Erythrocytes • Leucocytes • Theories of hematopoiesis 6. Stem cell structure and functions 7. Embryonic and postembryonic hematopoiesis 8. Classes of hematopoietic cells 9. Main features of different hematopoietic lines

  14. Functions • 1. Trophic • 2. Respiration • 3. Protection • 4. Excretion • 5. Homeostasis • 6. Transport

  15. Blood=cells + plasma (RBC+WBC+PL)

  16. Leucocytes

  17. Neutrophil

  18. Eosinophil

  19. Eosinophil

  20. Basophil

  21. Basophil

  22. Lymphocyte

  23. LymphocyteEchinocyte

  24. Lymphocyte

  25. Monocyte

  26. Monocyte

  27. Platelet

  28. HEMATOPOIESIS –blood compounds development (blood cells and plasma) Hematocytopoiesis Erythrocytopoiesis Leucocytopoiesis granulocytopoiesis agranulocytopoiesis Trombocytopoiesis

  29. THEORIES OF HEMATOPOIESIS • POLYPHYLETIC THEORY – each mature blood cell type is derived from its own distinct stem cell • MONOPHYLETIC THEORY (A.A. Maximov) – there is one stem cell, which can form all the mature blood cells types. • Multipotential stem cell (CFU-S – colony-forming-unit of spleen)

  30. Hematopoietic stem cell • 1. Appears in the yolk sac • 2. Thrives in RBM • 3. Similar to small dark lymphocyte • 4. Migrating cell • 5. Pluripotential cell (gives rise to different cells) • 6. Self-supporting cell • 7. Rarely dividing cell (Go) • 8. Sensitive cell

  31. Differences between embryonic and postembryonic hematopoiesis

  32. CLASSES OF HEMATOPOIETIC CELLS • I class – polipotent (pluripotent) stem cell. • II class – hemistem cells for lymphocytopoiesis and myelopoiesis. • III class – unipotent cell (committed) sensitive to exact hemopoietin (erythropoietin, leykopoietin, thrombopoietin). • IV class – blasts (young actively dividing cells). • V class – maturing cells. • VI class – an “adult” mature cells in peripheral blood.

  33. 1. Decrease in cell size (from 20 till 8 мm)2. Ejection (extrusion) of the nucleus3. Accumulation of hemoglobin in the cytoplasm4. Basophily decrease and acidophily increase

  34. ERYTHROPOIESIS

  35. GRANULOCYTOPOIESIS

  36. GRANULOCYTOPOIESIS • 1. Decrease in the cell size • 2. Chromatin condensation • 3. Changes in nuclear shape (flattening – indentation – lobulation). • 4. Accumulation of cytoplasmic granules.

  37. LYMPHOCYTOPOIESIS

  38. LYMPHOCYTOPOIESIS • 1. Begins in red bone marrow and then continues in lymphoid tissue. • 2. Lifespan various in different types of lymphocytes. • 3. Antigenindependent development – in the central hematopoietic organs (red bone marrow and thymus) and antigendependent – in peripheral ones (spleen, lymph nodes and nodules).

  39. MONOCYTOPOIESIS • 1. Decrease in cell diameter. • 2. Decrease in nuclear diameter. • 3. Cytoplasm basophily decreases. • 4. Nucleus changes its shape from round to kidney-like

  40. MONOCYTOPOIESIS

  41. Megakaryocyte

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