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Understanding Metadata in Digital Information Management

Explore the significance of metadata in organizing and retrieving digital content, the basics of Dublin Core elements, selected standards, and the importance of metadata in enhancing discovery and retrieval processes.

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Understanding Metadata in Digital Information Management

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  1. Metadata 101 Sandy McIntyre Colby SOASIS- Dayton 2000-11-30

  2. Outline • Environment Scan • Metadata Basics • Dublin Core 101 • Selected Standards • Discussion & Questions

  3. Environment Scan

  4. How big? • 7.1 million unique web sites, a 50 percent increase over the previous year's total of 4.7 million • 41 percent of the Web, or about 2.9 million sites are Private • “OCLC Researchers Measure the World Wide Web” Oct. 16, 2000 (http://www.oclc.org/oclc/press/20001016a.htm)

  5. Metadata • Known items vs. a topic • Data about data • Or: StructuredData about data • Structure • Lots of communities do metadata

  6. Metadata basics

  7. Metadata • What is “metadata”? • Data about data • Or: StructuredData about data • Sound familiar? • Lots of communities do metadata

  8. Why metadata? • Improves discovery • Enables retrieval • Supports administration

  9. Discovery Navigating large collections is challenging! • Used to build databases to answer key what, who, where, when questions like: • What exists on a topic, in a genre, by an author, for a specific audience, published in a given year? • Brings out content, value, relationships that are not expressed in the resource • Supports fast, arm’s-length evaluation of resources to optimize retrieval, save users’ time • Is often used to “market” resources to users • Catalogs / directories / search engines • Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI))

  10. Retrieval • Identifiers that assist manual and automated systems in retrieval • Shelf location for physical resource • File location for electronic resource • System requirements for e-resources • User’s system responds to file type with correct application • Captures rights and privileges information • Circulation • Document delivery • Interlibrary loan

  11. So what’s the big fuss? • The Web is large and growing quickly • Many producers, many users on the Web • Navigating networked resources is difficult • Good description = • better access • better control • Control and access = big business • Convergence of interests = collaboration in building standards (interoperability)

  12. Concepts to know: • Types of metadata Descriptive Structural Administrative Title = Nitty Gritty Dirt Band 1 File type = jpg 2 Rights holder = NGDB 3

  13. Concepts to know (cont.): • Semantics • What’s in a name? • Syntax • We gots grammar • Interoperability • Sharing...

  14. Concepts to know (cont.): M • Metadata objects can be: • Embedded in the resource • Separate from the resource • Both embedded and separate M M M

  15. Dublin Core101

  16. “Dublin Core” • Common name for the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set (DCMES) • DCMES is a • a common core of semantics for resource description • it appears to be very useful in facilitating: • retrieval of described resources • as a lingua franca for the exchange of resource descriptions • DCMES is maintained by the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI) hosted by OCLC purl.org/dc

  17. International in Scope Purl.oclc.org/dc/project/index.htm

  18. Dublin Core Metadata Element Set (DCMES) • A set 15 elements designed to enhance discovery and retrieval of resources • Goals of DCMES: • Simplicity of creation and maintenance • Commonly understood semantics • Conformance to existing and emerging standards • International scope and applicability • Extensibility • Interoperability among collections and indexing systems

  19. “Rules” for DCMES • DCMES is extensible: • Additional elements, schemes, qualifiers may be defined and used in conjunction with DCMES • DCMES may be modified by DCMI to add more elements, schemes, qualifiers over time • Approved elements, schemes qualifiers may only be used with appropriate elements • All elements, qualifiers, schemes are optional • All elements, qualifiers, schemes are repeatable • DCMES special practice may be defined by individuals, agencies, communities

  20. Dublin Core Metadata Element Set (DCMES) (cont.)

  21. Selected Standards

  22. Selected metadata standards • ISBD (AACR2 / MARC) • Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) headers • Encoded Archival Description (EAD) • VRA Core Categories (VRA CC) • Global Information Locator Service (GILS) • Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM, formerly FGDC)

  23. Metadata transport standards • MARC (MAchine Readable Cataloging) • SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language) • HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) • XML (Extensible Markup Language) • RDF (Resource Description Framework) • Character encoding • MARC 21 repertoire • Unicode

  24. Character Encoding • Many standards available • Of critical importance to be sure that systems correctly process, index, display textual data • MARC 21 uses various ISO standards plus EACC, etc. • Global standard gaining acceptance: Unicode http://lcweb.loc.gov/marc/specifications/speccharintro.html http://www.unicode.org/

  25. Who uses metadata? • Elementary students • Publishers, authors, institutions • Librarians Reference/Catalogers • International in scope

  26. Elementary students Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 51(2): 193-201, 2000: 193- 201.

  27. Publishers, authors • Crossref- Ovid • The Association of American Publishers and Andersen Consulting recommended E-Book metadata standards • Implement a document-identification scheme worldwide

  28. Webmasters http://www.fortune.com/fortune/technology/alsop/0,5238,88063,00.html

  29. Librarians • Librarians • Reference, catalogers • Corporate, academic, government

  30. Academia U. of Michigan's media image services(a search system based on Dublin Core elements) 40,000+ images215,000+ recordsare in this system http://www.images.umdl.umich.edu

  31. Applying Dublin Core • Acquisitions • Often mandated (law or management) • Determine metadata set • Controlled vocabulary • Template (tools) • Indexing • Prototype

  32. CORC • Discovery, harvesting, template, automated HTML • Internal publishing • Leaflets (web resources that end unto themselves) • Global standard gaining acceptance: Unicode

  33. Additional links: • Web Characterization: • Statistics, publications, related links (http://wcp.oclc.org/) • Cataloging & Metadata Resources: • Metadata (http://slis.cua.edu/ihy/catmeta.htm#D2) • Open Archives Initiative: • (http://www.openarchives.org) • Dublin Core Metadata Initiative • Home page (purl.org/DC) • Dublin Core Library Interest Group mailing list: • http://www.mailbase.ac.uk/lists/dc-libraries/ • IFLA -- Digital Libraries: Metadata Resources • http://www.ifla.org/II/metadata.htm

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