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INTRODUCTION TO MARINE ECOLOGY

Discover the intricate relationships in marine ecosystems and explore the concept of zonation, from biotic to abiotic factors. Learn about key components such as pelagic organisms and benthic species, with a focus on adaptations for survival. Dive into the diverse world of marine life and understand the balance of ecosystems.

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INTRODUCTION TO MARINE ECOLOGY

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  1. INTRODUCTION TO MARINE ECOLOGY Pgs.. 281-293 and 296-299

  2. I. RELATIONSHIPS - "ecology" • They can be biotic to biotic, or biotic to abiotic, even abiotic to abiotic

  3. DESCRIBE THESE TERMS BUT STUDENTS MUST LOOK THEM UP ON THEIR OWN AND DEFINE THEM Biosphere Biome ecosystem community population individual

  4. Habitat- physical location of a organism • Niche- role or function in the habitat • Continuing with the ecosystem (observer defined) • Ecosystems are often named according to the dominant species in the area • BEECH/ MAPLE FOREST, OAK/HICKORY FOREST, • CORAL REEF, • MANGAL

  5. Mangrove Forest

  6. Beech Maple Forest

  7. Oak Hickory Forest

  8. Coral Reef

  9. List 4 components of a self sustaining ecosystem • (students will look these up in their book) • 1. • 2. • 3. • 4.

  10. ecosphere

  11. Estuary

  12. Open Ocean

  13. H. ZONATION ABIOTIC • water vs. ocean bottom fig. 8-3 pg. 286 (trace here)

  14. 2. Tidal areas fig. 8-4 pg. 287 (trace here) (lumpers and splitters)

  15. III ZONATION BIOTIC • Pelagic • plankton- drifters phyto/zoo • nekton- swimmers • Benthic • demersal- swim and rest- flounders, shrimp • epifauna- live on the surface corals, anemones, star fish • infauna- live in the benthic muds- tube worms, cucumbers

  16. Pelagic organisms • Organisms that live in the pelagic (liquid) environment: • Live suspended within the water column • Can float or swim • Have adaptations that allow them to stay above the ocean floor

  17. Staying above the ocean floor • Adaptations for staying above the ocean floor: • Rigid gas containers • Swim bladder • Ability to float Swim bladder Figure 14-2 Gas containers in cephalopods Figure 14-1

  18. Microscopic floating organisms: Radiolarians • Radiolarians produce a hard test composed of silica • Tests have projections to increase surface area Figure 14-3

  19. Microscopic floating organisms: Foraminifers • Foraminifers produce a hard test composed of calcium carbonate • Test is segmented or chambered Figure 14-4

  20. Microscopic floating organisms: Copepods • Copepods have a hard exoskeleton and a segmented body with jointed legs • Relatives of shrimp, crabs, and lobsters Figure 14-5

  21. Macroscopic floating organisms: Krill • Krill are related to copepods but are larger in size • Abundant in Antarctic waters, where they are a favorite food of the largest whales Figure 14-6

  22. Macroscopic floating organisms: Coelenterates • Coelenterates are soft-bodied organisms including: • Siphonophores (Portuguese man-of war) • Scyphozoans (jellyfish) Figure 14-7a

  23. Swimming organisms (nekton) • Larger pelagic organisms can swim against currents and often migrate long distances • Nektonic organisms include: • Squid • Fish • Marine mammals

  24. Squid • Squid are invertebrates that swim by taking water into their body cavity and forcing it out through their siphon Figure 14-8

  25. Fish: Swimming motions and fins Figure 14-9

  26. Fish: Adaptations • Feeding styles: Lungers versus cruisers • Lungers sit and wait for prey to come close by • Cruisers actively seek prey • Cold-blooded versus warm-blooded • Most fish are cold-blooded • A few active fish are warm-blooded • Many fish school to avoid predators

  27. Fish: Deep-water nekton • Adaptations of deep-sea fish: • Good sensory devices • Bioluminescence • Large, sharp teeth • Large mouths and expandable bodies • Hinged jaws Figure 14-11

  28. Benthic organisms • Benthic organisms are those that live in or on the ocean floor • More than 98% of known marine species are benthic • The vast majority of benthic species live within the shallow continental shelf

  29. Benthic biomass closely matches surface productivity Surface productivity Figure 13-6 Benthic biomass Figure 15-1

  30. Rocky shores: Intertidal zonation and organisms Figure 15-2a

  31. Sea anemone • A vicious predator cleverly disguised as a harmless flower but armed with stinging cells Figure 15-4

  32. Sediment-covered shores • Most organisms burrow into the sediment (infauna) • Sediment-covered shores include: • Beaches • Salt marshes • Mud flats

  33. Sediment-covered shores: Intertidal zonation and organisms Figure 15-8

  34. The deep-ocean floor • Characteristics of the deep ocean: • Absence of sunlight • Temperatures around freezing • Average salinity • High dissolved oxygen • Extremely high pressure • Slow bottom currents (except abyssal storms) • Low food supply

  35. Food sources for deep-sea organisms Figure 15-22

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