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IMPACT OF COASTAL DEVELOPMENTS ON MANGROVE STANDS- A REVIEW

IMPACT OF COASTAL DEVELOPMENTS ON MANGROVE STANDS- A REVIEW. P.K. Krishnakumar, Mohammed Qurban, Khaled A. Abdulkader*, Yusef H. Fadlalla*, Mohammed Ashraf and M. Asif Khan Centre for Environment & Water, Research Institute King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.

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IMPACT OF COASTAL DEVELOPMENTS ON MANGROVE STANDS- A REVIEW

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  1. IMPACT OF COASTAL DEVELOPMENTS ON MANGROVE STANDS- A REVIEW P.K. Krishnakumar, Mohammed Qurban, Khaled A. Abdulkader*, Yusef H. Fadlalla*, Mohammed Ashraf and M. Asif Khan Centre for Environment & Water, Research Institute King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. *Environmental Protection Department, Saudi Aramco, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.

  2. TOPIC OVERVIEW • Introduction • Major Impacting Activities • Types of Impacts • Case Study from Tarut Bay • Landfilling • Coastal Discharges • Management Strategies

  3. INTRODUCTION • Mangroves are highly productive ecosystems and important breeding and nursery grounds for fish and invertebrate species. • Mangroves along the Gulf coast and Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia facing tremendous pressures due to coastal development activities. • Major stressors include landfilling, dredging, coastal development, solid and liquid waste disposal. • The extent of mangrove forests along the Saudi Arabian Gulf has decreased considerably. For example, in Tarut Bay alone it showed drastic reduction.

  4. GLOBAL TREND IN LOSS OF MANGROVES AREAS

  5. MAJOR IMPACTING ACTIVITIES • Landfilling & dredging • Disposal of solid-wastes and garbage • Untreated or poorly treated waste discharge • Oil and industrial pollution

  6. IMPACTS TO MANGROVES

  7. CASE STUDY FROM TARUT BAY

  8. BIOTOPE MAP & HABITAT TYPE BiotopeMap Seagrass Mangroves

  9. LANDFILLED AREAS WITHIN TARUT BAY • More than 11 percent of the total area of Tarut Bay (i.e., total 432.79 km2) was filled. • Approximately 2 percent (i.e., 10.16 km2) of the bay, outside of the shipping channels and berthing areas, has been dredged. Major landfill areas outlined in yellow

  10. TARUT BAY- CHANGES IN MANGROVE COVERAGE Loss of around 232 hectares (37%)

  11. LAND FILLED AREAS IN TARUT BAY Loss of around287 hectares from 1973 to 2007 (46%).

  12. Safwa STP Sanabis STP Awamiya STP & Nasira Agricultural TARUT BAY - MARINE OUTFALLS STUDY AREA Jaruadiyah STP Anak North Agricultural Discharge Majidia Agricultural Discharge Anak South Agriculture discharge

  13. TOTAL ESTIMATED DISCHARGES (m3/day)

  14. DISCHARGE PARAMETERS (MEAN FOR 2006-2007) In excess of PME standards for direct discharge to receiving waters for a 30 day average. With in the PME Limits

  15. TARUT BAY- AVERAGE SURFACE CURRENT VELOCITY

  16. The southern corniche area of Jeddah receives through Al-Kumra effluent the equivalent of 300,000 m3 of semi-treated sewage. Basaham et al. 2009 IMAPCT OF SEWAGE DISCHARGE • Example from Red Sea

  17. TARUT BAY-CORAL REEF

  18. MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR MANGROVE CONSERVATION • Provide protection against dredging, filling, and other development; • Designate mangroves as protected areas; • Protect mangroves from pollution particularly industrial effluent, sewage, and sediment; • Ensure that all developments planned for mangroves are subject to an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).

  19. Thank You

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